Author Archives: bsc

ASSESSMENT OF TOXICITY LEVEL IN SELECTED HEAVY METAL IN VOLCANIC SOILS FROM TAWAU, SABAH.

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Mohamed Ali Yusof Mohd Husin*, Hennie Fitria W. Soehady Erfen & Baba Musta

Faculty of Science & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*E-mail address: mohamedaliyusof@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT. Heavy metals are one of the serious pollutants in environment because its toxicity. Severe concentration of heavy metals can harm the plants, animals and even human. During the pedogenesis process, heavy metals from the parent rock are mobilized in soils and redistribute in to the environment. The objective of this paper is to study the concentration and toxicity level of selected heavy metals in volcanic soils around Tawau, Sabah. In this study 10 soil samples were collected from different sampling stations. The selection of soil
samples were based on the different type of volcanic rocks in the study area. The determination of concentration of heavy metals in soil samples were carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The result shows, the highest concentration is chromium with the average of 141 ppm followed by zinc with 112 ppm. The concentration of copper is 49 ppm, nickel 15 ppm, lead 8 ppm and arsenic 7 ppm. The soil samples is identified as polluted due to the elevated concentration of certain heavy metals when compared with the Sediment Quality Guidelines of US EPA. Chromium is regarded as heavily polluted agent while zinc, copper and arsenic indicated that the area is moderately polluted. Nickel and lead average concentration show no indication of pollution in the area. It is concluded that the combined source of heavy metals in the study area would be the parent materials of the soils and other anthropogenic effluent. From the study also, it is found out that pH value, organic matter and clay percentage has influenced the heavy metal concentration in volcanic soil in the study area.

KEYWORDS.  Heavy Metals, Tawau, Volcanic Soils, XRF.

 

REFERENCES

  • Alloway, B.J. 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall.
  • Alloway, B.J. 2008. Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. International Zinc Association (IZA) & International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA). BS 1377-1990. Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. London : British Standard Institution.
  • Baba, M., Hennie F.W.S.E. & Sanudin, T. 2008. Geochemical Characterization of Volcanic Soils From Tawau, Sabah. Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 54.
  • Backer, D.E. & Chesnin, L. 1975. Chemical Monitoring of Soils For Environment Quality and Animal and Human Health. Adv. Agron. 27, 305–374.
  • Baker, D.E. & Senft, J.P. 1995. Copper. In Alloway B.J. (ed.) Heavy Metals in Soils 2nd Edition, pp. 179-205. Glasgow: Chapman and Hall.
  • Chen, Y.Y., Wang, J., Gao, W., Sun X.J. & Xu, S.Y. 2012. Comprehensive Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soils From Boashan District, Shanghai: a heavily industrialized area in China. Environmental Earth Science, Springer-Verlag.
  • Islam, M.R., Stuart, R., Risto, A.,Vesa, P. 2001. Mineralogical changes during intense chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks in Bangladesh. Journal of Earth Sciences
    20 (2002) 889-901.
  • Jenny, H. 1994. Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology. Dovers Publication, Inc.
  • Kirk, H.J.C. 1962. The Geology and Mineral Resources of Semporna Peninsula. North Borneo Geology Survey Department British Territories in Borneo 14. Sarawak Government Printing Office.
  • Kirk, H.J.C. 1968. The Igneous Rocks of Sarawak and Sabah. Geological Survey of Malaysia, Bulletin 5.
  • McGarth, S.P. 1995. Chromium and Nickel. In Alloway B.J. (ed.) Heavy Metals in Soils 2nd Edition, pp. 152-178. Glasgow: Chapman and Hall.
  • Matera, V., Le Hécho, I., Laboudigue, A., Thomas, P., Tellier, S. & Astruc, M. 2003. A Methodological Approach for The Identification of Arsenic Bearing Phases in Polluted Soils. Environmental Pollution 126 (2003) 51-64.
  • Mason, B. 1958. Principles of Geochemistry, 2nd Edition. Wiley.
  • Myung, C.J. 2008. Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils and Factors Affecting Metal Uptake by Plants in The Vicinity of A Korean Cu-W Mine. Sensors 2008, 8, 2413-2423.
  • Norrish, K. & Hutton, J.T. 1969. An Accurate X-Ray Spectographic Method For The Analysis of A Wide Range of Geological Samples. Geochem. Et Cosmochim. Acta, 33, 431 -453.
  • Olade, M.A. 1987. Dispersion of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in Soils and Sediments of a Humid Tropical Ecosystem in Nigeria. Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in The Environment, Scope. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Pekey, H. 2006. Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Sediments of The Izmit Bay, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Springer 123:219-231.
    Perin, G., Bonardi, M., Fabris, R., Simoncini, B., Manente, S., Tosi, L. & Scotto, S. 1997. Heavy Metal Pollution in Central Venice Lagoon Bottom Sediments: Evaluation of Metal Bioavailability by Geochemical Speciation Procedure. Environmental Technology 18 593-604.
  • Prego, R. & Cobelo-Garcia, A. 2003. Twientieth Century Overview of Heavy Metals in The Galician Rias (NW Iberian Peninsular). Environmental Pollution, 121:425-425.
  • Sabri, A.W., Rasheed, K.A. & Kassim, T.I. 1993. Heavy Metal in The Water, Suspended Solids and Sediment of The River Tigris Impoundment At Samarra. Journal of Water Research, 27:1099-1103.
  • Saria, L., Takayuki, S. & Kentaro, M. 2006. Leaching of Heavy Metals in Acid Mine Drainage. Waste Management & Research, Vol. 24 No.2 134-140.
  • Sanudin, T. & Baba, M. 2007. Pengenalan Kepada Stratigrafi. Penerbit UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
  • Schlotz, R. & Uhlig, S. 2006. Introduction to X-ray Flourescence Analysis (XRF). Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlruhe, West Germany.
  • Shan, W., Xinghui X., Chunye L., Xi, C. & Chuanhui, Z. 2010. Levels of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in The Rural Soils of Beijing and Their Changes Ove The Last Two Decades (1985-2008). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179:860-868.
  • Sipos, P. 2004. Factors Affecting Heavy Metal Distribution in Forest Soils: Inherited Pedogenic Characteristics. Eurosoil 2004. Alvert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg.

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GEOMECHANICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR HETEROGENEOUS CROCKER FORMATION IN KOTA KINABALU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

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Ismail Abd Rahim
Natural Disasters Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti
Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Phone: 088 320000 (5734/5999)
Fax: 088 435324
arismail@ums.edu.my


ABSTRACT. Geomechanical classification scheme for heterogeneous Crocker Formation in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah has been proposed in 2009 and known as Modified Slope Mass Rating (M-SMR). M-SMR was used to characterize and to propose preliminary rock cut slope design such as slope stabilization and protection measures and recommendation levels for design model review and slope remapping by suitable engineering geologist or geotechnical
engineers. The ‘Lithological unit thickness’ approach, RQD method, weighted average of discontinuity set spacing, weighted average, statistical mode and new approach of adjustment factor (NAAF) methods were used to evaluate the parameters in M-SMR. The classes in MSMR scheme consists of class I (very good) to class VI (extremely bad). Local trimming, slope re-profiling, weep hole, horizontal drainage, concrete dentition or buttress, rock bolting or dowel, wire mesh or rope nets, reinforce shotcrete and benching are proposed slope stabilization and protection measures. Normal to detailed Design Model Review (DMR) and slope remapping are recommended to highly recommended by engineering geologist or geotechnical engineers to expert engineering geologist or geotechnical engineers for class I to class VI, respectively.

KEYWORDS: Geomechanical classification, Modified Slope Mass Rating (M-SMR), Crocker Formation, Kota Kinabalu, slope design.

REFERENCES

  • Anbalagan, R., Sharma, S. & Tarun, R. 1992. Rock mass stability evaluation using modified SMR approach. Proceeding of the Sixth National Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Bangalore, India, pp. 258-268.
  • Bieniawski, Z. T. 1989. Engineering Rock Mass Classifications. Wiley, New York, 248 p.
  • Harrison, J. P. & Hudson, J. A. 2000. Engineering Rock Mechanics: Illustrative worked examples. Elsevier Science, Oxford, 530 pp.
  • Ismail Abd Rahim, Sanudin Hj. Tahir, Baba Musta, & Shariff A. K. Omang. 2012. Adjustment factor for Slope Mass Rating (SMR) system: Revisited. Proceeding of National Geoscience Conference 2012 (NGC2012), Kuching, Sarawak.
  • Ismail Abd Rahim, Sanudin Tahir & Baba Musta. 2009a. Modified Slope Mass Rating (MSMR) system: A classification scheme of interbedded Crocker Formation in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Proceeding of the 8th Seminar on Science and Technology 2009 (S&T2009), Tuaran, Sabah.
  • Ismail Abd Rahim, Sanudin Tahir, Baba Musta & Shariff A. K. Omang. 2009b. Lithological unit thickness approach for determining Intact Rock Strength of slope forming rock material of Crocker Formation. Borneo Science, 25, pp. 23-31. ISSN 1394-4339.
  • Ismail Abd Rahim. 2011. Rock mass classification of the Crocker Formation in Kota Kinabalu for rock slope engineering purpose, Sabah, Malaysia. PhD Thesis, Universiti Malaysia
    Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
  • Pantelidis, L. 2009. Rock slope stability assessment through rock mass classification systems. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 46, pp. 315-325.
  • Romana, M. 1 985. New adjustment rating for application of Bieniawski classification for slopes. Proceeding of International Symposium on the Role of Rock Mechanics,
    Zacatecas, Mexico, pp 49-53.
  • Romana, M. 1993. A geomechanical classification for slope:slope mass rating. In: Hudson, J. A. (Ed.). Comprehensive Rock Engineering. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 575-599.
  • Sanudin Tahir & Baba Musta. 2007. Pengenalan Kepada Stratigrafi. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
  • Singh, B. & Geol, R. K. 1999. Rock Mass Classification: A Practical Approach in Civil Engineering. Elsevier, Oxford, 267 p.
  • Tomas, R., Cuenca, A., Cano, M. & Garcia-Barba, J. 2012. A graphical approach for slopemass rating (SMR). Engineering Geology 124, pp. 67-76.
  • Tongkul, F. 1991. Tectonic evolution of Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Science 6, pp. 395-495.
  • Van Hattum, M. W. A. 2003. Provenance of northern Borneo sediments. Proceeding of the Twenty-ninth Annual Petroleum Convention & Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesian.
  • Yu, Y. F., Siu, C. K. & Pun, W. K. 2005. Guidelines on the use of prescriptive measures for rock cut slopes. GEO Report No. 161, Hong Kong Geotechnical Engineering Office, 31p.

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MORPHOLOGIES CHANGES DURING PRE- AND POST- SOUTHWEST SEASON IN MANTANANI BESAR ISLAND, KOTA BELUD, SABAH

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Russel Felix Koiting*, Ejria Saleh, John Madin, Than Aung & Fazliana Mustajap

Borneo Marine Research Institute,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*Contact person: Emai: rfk_moon_2509@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT. Mantanani Besar Island is one of the community and tourism islands in the west coast of Sabah. It is inhabited by local Ubian people which stated that the island receiving major problem of erosion around the island. Ocean motion (waves and currents) and winds causes the erosion and together with seasonal monsoons change the intensity and formation of waves, winds and the periodic storms. These combinations intensified the geomorphic processes of erosion and accretion along the shoreline. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the beach morphologies (beach profile, volume and angle) and sediment parameters during pre- and post- southwest monsoon (SWM). This study was conducted on May and November 2013 in order to see the beach changes done before and after the peak 2013 SWM (May to September). Beach profiles were measured at 5 stations around the island. Further measurements on beach volume and angle were calculated based on the beach profile readings. Sediment samples were collected at mid tide and analyzed the sediment parameters (mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis). Results show most of the beach profile increase in post-SWM than in pre-SWM. Significant changes of the beach elevation were found at northern part of the island (st 4 and st 5). Beach volume increases in most of the station with a range from 2.71 to 9.19 while only st 3 experienced sediment loss with -0.75 Beach angle are also increase at most of the station (1 o) but significantly increase at st 5 (4.62o). Based on the sediment size analysis, mean values are decreasing shows the increase of energy condition. Most of the sediment are moderately sorted and positively skewness. The kurtosis value are vary indicates the presence of other source of sorting. The information gathered on this study is useful for the development along the beach and future management plan of the island.

KEYWORDS: beach profile and angle, sediment characteristics, shoreline changes, Mantanani Besar Island

REFERENCES

  • Ali, T. A. 2010. Analysis of shoreline changes based on the geometric representation of the shorelines in the GIS data. Journal of Geography and Geospatial Information Science, 1: 1-16.
  • Berita Harian. 2013. Taufan Haiyan Yang Terkuat Di Dunia Mula Melanda Filipina, Bawa Kesan Buruk Kepada Negeri Sabah. http://berita-harian.net/berita/taufan-haiyanyang- terkuat-di-dunia-mula- melanda-filipina-bawa-kesan-buruk-kepadanegeri-sabah/ (Accessed on 17 November 2013).
  • Blott, S. J. & Pye, K. 2001. GRADISTAT: A Grain Size Distribution And Statistics Package For The Analysis Of Unconsolidated Sediments. Journal of Earth Surface Process and Landforms, 26: 1237 – 1248.
  • Briggs, D. 1977. Source and methods in geography: Sediments. Butterworth and Co. (Publ.) Ltd. London
  • De Lange, W. 2012. ‘Coastal erosion – Shifting sands’, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/coastal-erosion/page-1 (Accessed on 16 November 2013).
  • DHI, 2013. Sabah Island Management Plan. Volume 2: Island Management Strategies. pp 5-1 – 5-5.
  • Diman, C. P. & Tahir, W. 2012. Dam Flooding Caused A Prolonged Flooding. International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 12: 71 – 75.
  • Morphologies Changes during Pre- and Post- Southwest Season in Mantanani Besar Island, Kota Belud
  • Dora, G. U. Kumar, V. S. Johnson, G. Philip C. S. Vinayaraj, P. & Gowthaman, R. 2011. Textural characteristics of foreshore sediments along Karnataka shoreline, west coast of India. International Journal of Sediment Restoration, 26: 364 – 377.
  • Dora, G. U. Kumar, V. S. Johnson, G. Philip C. S. & Vinayaraj, P. 2012. Short-Term Observation ofBeach Dynamics Using Cross-Shore Profiles and Foreshore Sediment. Journal of Ocean Coastal Management, 67: 101 – 112.
  • Duane, D. B. 1964. Significance of skewness in recent sediment, Western Pamlico Sound. North Carolina. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 34: 864 – 874.
  • Dyer, K. R. 1985. Coastal and Estuarine Sediments Dynamics. Institute of Oceanographic Science. Tuaton.
  • Folk, R. L. & Ward, W. C. 1957. Brazos River Bar: A Study in The Significance of Grain Size Parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27: 3 – 26.
  • Friedman, G. M. 1962. On Sorting, Sorting Coefficients and the Log Normality of The Grain-Size Distribution of Sandstones. Journal of Geology, 70: 737 – 753.
  • Ganesh, B. Naidu, A. G. S. S. Rao, M. J. Karuna, T. K. & Avatharam, P. 2013. Studies on textural charateristics of sediments from Gosthani River Estuary-Bheemunipatnam, A. P., East Coast of India. Journal of Ind. Geophys. Union, 17: 139 – 151.
  • Jamil, T. Norsila, D. & Ashraf, A. 2009. Distribution of Sediment Characteristic in Kilim River Estuary During the Non-Moonsoon and Monsoon Season. pp 381-387. http://www.academia.edu/797941/Distribution_of_Sediment_Characteristic_in_Kilim_River_Estuary_during_the_Non-Monsoon_and_Monsoon_Season (Accessed on 16 November, 2013).
  • Kumar, G. AL.Ramanathan, & Rajkumar, K. 2010. Textural characteristics of the surface sediments of a Tropical mangrove ecosystem Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Journal of Marine Science, 39: 415 – 422.
  • Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia). 2013. Monsoon.
    http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69&Itemid=160&lang =english (Accessed on 17 November 2013).
  • Maps of World, 2013. Areas Affected by Typhoon Haiyan / Yolanda. http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-news/super-typhoon-haiyan/ (Accessed on 17 November 2013).
  • Masselink, G. & Kroon, A. nd. Morphology and morphodynamics of sandy beaches. Coastal Zones and Estuaries. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). http://www.eolss.net/EolsssampleAllChapter.aspx (Accessed on 18 November 2013).
  • Mohd Lokman, H. Rosnan, Y. & Shahbudin, S. 1995. Beach erosion variability during a Northeast Monsoon: The Kuala Setiu Coastline, Terngganu, Malaysia. Journal of Science and Technology,3: 337 – 348.
  • Nakajima, R. Yoshida, T. Bin, H. R. O. & Toda, T. 2015. Monsoonal changes in the planktonic copepod community structure in a tropical coral-reef at Tioman Island, Malaysia. Regional Studies in Marine Science. Elsevier.
  • Okeyede, I. C. & Jibiri, N. N. 2013. Grain size analysis of the sediments from Ogun River, South Western Nigeria. Journal of Earth Science Research, 2: 43 – 51.
  • Poh Leem, C. & Monique, S. 2012. Collaborative Environmental Monitoring Report of Mabul Island Semporna, Malaysia. WWF – Malaysia.

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THE FRUIT BATS (MEGACHIROPTERA, PTEROPODIDAE) FROM BAWAKARAENG MOUNTAIN, SOUTH SULAWESI

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Ellena Yusti¹*, Ibnu Maryanto², Bambang Suryobroto³
¹Master Program in Animal Bioscience, Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University,
Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
²Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI), Jl.Raya Cibinong KM 47, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
³Department of Animal Bioscience, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science Bogor
Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
Corresponding author: yuellena@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. A study of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) was conducted in the mountain region of Bawakaraeng, Gowa and Sinjai, South Sulawesi from September to December 2013. This study aims to determine the fruit bats composition and diversity, habitat preferences and relation between bats individual captured with the moon phases. Ten species (265 individuals) of fruit bats were captured using standardized mist netting in five habitat types and elevations. Shannon-Wiener indices were highest in mixed garden (1453 m asl) and lowest in pine forest (1545 m asl), with the highest evenness in mixed garden and pine forest. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that the habitat preferences were found in the mixed garden (1453 m asl) and primary forest with a river stream (2000 m asl), while at moon phases, number of individual bats captured in the dark moon phase was higher than full moon phases. This study shows that the abundance of fruit bats tightly associated with food availibility.

KEYWORDS. Fruit bats, distribution, habitat preferences, moon phases\

REFERENCES

  • Barlow, K. 1999. Bats: Expedition Field Tehniques. London : Royal Geographic Society. Bergmans, W. & Rozendaal FG. 1988. Notes on colections of fruit bats from Sulawesi and
    some off-lying islands (Mammalia, Megachiroptera). Amsterdam :Universiteit van Amsterdam.
  • Bork, SK. 2006. Lunar phobia in the greater fishing bat Noctilio leporinus (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae). Revista de Bioogial Tropical : 54(4): 1117-1123.
  • Cristian, D. & Helversen, V. 2005. Illustrated identification key to the bats of Europe. Tuebingen and Erlangen, German : Electronic Publication. Corbet, GB. & Hill, JE. 1992. The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region. A Systematics Review. Oxford : Oxford Press.
  • Esselstyn, JA. 2007. A new species of stripe-faced fruit bat (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae: Styloctenium) from the Philippines. Mammalogy : 88(4):951-958.
  • Gotelli, NJ. & Colwell, RK. 2011. Estimating Species Richness. In Magguran AE. & McGill BJ, editors. Frontiers In Measuring Biodiversity. New York (US): Malden Blackwell Publishing : 39-54.
  • Hasnawir, OH. & Kubota, T. 2006. Landslide Disaster at Mt. Bawakaraeng Caldera, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Forest Research : 59:269-272.
  • Heideman, PD. & Heaney, LR. 1989. Population biology and estimates of abundance of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) in Philippine submontane rainforest. Zoology : 218: 565-586.
  • Larsen, JR. Begler, KA. Genoways, HH. Masefield, WP. Kirsch, RA. & Pedersen, SC. 2007. Mist netting bias, species accumulation curves and the rediscovery of two bats on Montserrat (Lesser Antiles). Acta Chiropterologica : 9(2): 423-435.
  • Lang, AB. Weise, CD. Kalko, EKV. & Roemer, H. 2004. The bias of bat netting. Bat Research News : 45: 235–236.
  • Lang, AB. Elizabeth, K. Kalko, V. & Romer, H. 2005. Activity levels of bats and katydids in relation to the lunar cycle. Oecologia.
  • Maguran, AE. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. United Kingdom (Inggris): Malden Blackwell Publishing
  • Maryanto, I. & Yani, M. 2003. The new species of the Rousettus bat from Lore Lindu National Park Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mammal Study : 28: 111-120.
  • Maryanto, I. Yani, M. Priyono, SN. & Wiantoro, S. 2011. Altitudinal distribution of fruit bats in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mammal : 22(1): 167-177.
  • Maryanto, I. Yani, M. Priyono, SN. & Wiantoro, S. 2012. A new species of fruit bat (Megachiroptera:Pteropodidae: Thoopterus) from Sulawesi and adjacent islands, Indonesia. Records Of The Western Australian Museum : 068–084.
  • The Fruit Bats (Megachiroptera, Pteroppodedae) From Bawakaraeng Moutain, South Sulawesi Mello, MAR. Kalko, EKV. & Silva, WR. 2013. Effect of moonlight on the capturability of frugivorous phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) at different time scales. Zoologia : 30 (4) :397-402.
  • Medellin RA. Equihua AM. & Amin MA. 2000. Bats diversity and abundance as indicators of disturbance in Neotropical rainforest. Conservation Biology. 14: 1666-1675.
  • Mickleburgh PS, Anthony MH, & Paul AR. 1992. Old world fruit bats. Switzerland(CH):IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group.
  • Racey, PA. 1988. Reproductive Assessment In Bats. In Ecological and Behavioural Methods for Study of Bats. Washington DC (US): Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Sampaio, EM. Kalko, EKV. Enrico, B. Bernal, RH. & Charles, OH. 2003. A biodiversity assessment of Bats (Chiroptera) in a tropical lowland rainforest of Central Amazonia,
    including methodological and conservation considerations. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment : 38 : 17-31.
  • Storz, JF. Bhat, H. & Kunz, TH. 2000. Social structure of a polygonous tent-making bat Cynopterus sphinx (Megachiroptera). Zoology : 251(2): 151–165. Sumaryono, Dasa YT. 2011. Simulasi aliran bahan rombakan di Gunung Bawakaraeng, Sulawesi Selatan. Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi, 2: 191 – 202.
  • Suyanto, A. 2001. Kelelawar di Indonesia. Bogor (ID) : LIPI.
  • Suyanto, A. Yoneda, M. Maryanto, I. Maharadatunkamsi, Sugardjito, J. 2002. Checklist Of The Mammals Of Indonesia : Scientific Names And Distribution Area Tables In Indonesia Catagories For Conservation. Bogor (ID): LIPI.
  • Wiantoro, S. & Achamadi, AS. 2011. Keanekaragaman mamalia kecil di Pulau Moti. Ekologi Ternate : 55-68.

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CLASSIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MARINE DEBRIS AT TELUK LIKAS, SABAH

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Farrah Anis Fazliatul Adnan*, Rudy Kilip, Dezvieo Keniin & Carolyn Payus

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Email: f_anis@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT.Marine debris is a well-known issue faced by the public today and the problem is becoming serious day by day. In this study, quantification and classification of marine debris for plastic, fabric, paper, metal, glass and rubber was conducted to evaluate the marine littering of contamination level at Likas Bay. This study also aims to identify the sources of the marine debris whether it was from the land or was brought in from the sea. By selecting 10m x 10m transects randomly, the marine litters that were collected along the bay were rinsed, dried, weighted and classified according to categories. Total of 3396 items/100m2 of marine debris with the weight of 14499.36g/100m2 were collected throughout the study. From the result, it shows that plastic dominated the overall numbers and weight percentage of marine debris with 94.38% in numbers and 65.29% in weight. The study also indicates that the occurrence of marine debris at Likas Bay was not mainly caused from recreational activities at the area, but was brought in from the sea. This may due to the physical condition and the bay position which has the tendency to trap the marine debris from the sea. Therefore, further investigation should be undergoing to overcome and reduce the impact to the marine debris.

KEYWORDS: Marine debris, Littering, Transects, Bay

REFERENCES

  • Abu-Hilal, A.H. & Al-Najjar, T. 2004. Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine environmental research, 58(1):39–63.
  • Beach, C., Thornton, L. & Jackson, N.L. 1998. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Debris Accumulation and Composition on an Estuarine Shoreline, Cliffwood Beach, New Jersey, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(9), 705 – 711.
    Bravo, M., Gallardo, A., Luna-Jorquera, G.,Núñez, P., Vásquez, N., & Thiel, M. 2009. Anthropogenic debris on beaches in the SE Pacific (Chile): results from a national survey supported by volunteers. Marine pollution bulletin, 58(11):1718–26.
  • Claereboudt, M.R. 2004. Shore litter along sandy beaches of the Gulf of Oman. Marine pollution bulletin, 49(9-10):770–777. Derraik, J.G.B. 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine pollution bulletin, 44(9):842–52.
  • Dixon, T.R. & Dixon, T.J.1981. Marine litter surveillance. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 12:289–295.
  • Gudger, E. W. & Hoffman, W. H. 1931 . A shark encircled with a rubber automobile tire. Scientific Monthly, 33:275–277.
  • Hidalgo-Ruz, V. & Thiel, M. 2013. Distribution and abundance of small plastic debris on beaches in the SE Pacific (Chile): a study supported by a citizen science project. Marine environmental research, 87-88:12–8.
  • Jayasiri, H.B., Purushothaman, C.S. & Vennila, A. 2013. Quantitative analysis of plastic debris on recreational beaches in Mumbai, India. Marine pollution bulletin.(In press) McIlgorm, A., Campbell, H.F. & Rule, M.J. 2011. The economic cost and control of marine debris damage in the Asia-Pacific region. Ocean & Coastal Management, 54(9):643–651.
  • Moore, E., Lyday, S. , Roletto, J., Litle, K., Parrish, J.K., Nevins, H., Harvey, J., Mortenson, J., Greig, D., Piazza, M., Hermanceh, A., Lee, D., Adams, D., Allen, S. & Kell, S. 2009. Entanglements of marine mammals and seabirds in central California and the north-west coast of the United States 2001 -2005. Marine pollution bulletin, 58(7):1045–51.
  • Classification and Quantification of Marine Debris at Teluk Likas, Sabah Moore, S.L. & Allen, M.J. 2000. Distribution of Anthropogenic and Natural Debris on the Mainland Shelf of the Southern California Bight. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(1):83–88.
  • Moore, S.L., Gregorio, D., Carreon, M., Weisberg, S.B. & Leecaster, M.K. 2001. Composition and distribution of beach debris in Orange County, California. Marine pollution
    bulletin, 42(3):241 –5 Rees, G. & Pond, K. 1995. Marine litter monitoring programmes—A review of methods with special reference to national surveys. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 30(2):103–108.
  • Rosevelt, C.,Huertos, M.L., Garza, C. & Nevins, H.M. 2013. Marine debris in central California: quantifying type and abundance of beach litter in Monterey Bay, CA. Marine pollution bulletin, 71(1-2):299–306.
  • Slavin, C., Grage, A. & Campbell, M.L. 2012. Linking social drivers of marine debris with actual marine debris on beaches. Marine pollution bulletin, 64(8):1580–1588.
  • Somerville, S.E., Miller, K.L. & Mair, J.M. 2003. Assessment of the aesthetic quality of a selection of beaches in the Firth of Forth, Scotland. Marine pollution bulletin, 46(9):1184–90.
  • Topçu, E.N., Tonay, A.M., Dede, A., Öztürk, A.A. & Öztürk, B. 2013. Origin and abundance of marine litter along sandy beaches of the Turkish Western Black Sea Coast. Marine environmental research, 85:21–8.
  • Van Cauwenberghe, L.,Claessens, M., Vandegehuchte, M.B., Mees, J. & Janssen, C.R. 2013. Assessment of marine debris on the Belgian Continental Shelf. Marine pollution bulletin, 73(1):161 –9.
  • Zhou, P., Huang, C., Fang, H., Cai, W., Li, D., Li, X. & Yu, H. 2011. The abundance, composition and sources of marine debris in coastal seawaters or beaches around the northern South China Sea (China). Marine pollution bulletin, 62(9):1998–2007.

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Volume 35 (Full Volume)

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Evaluation of Depression Criteria Using Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Case Study on Universiti Malaysia Sabah Sciences’ Schools
– Asdalifah Talibe, Zaturrawiah Ali Omar & Tong Sin Bei (p.1)

Physicochemical and Organoleptic Evaluation of Muffin Partially Substituted with Roselle Calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa.L) Powder
– Siti Faridah Mohd. Amin, Hasmadi Mamat, Lee Jau Shya, & Nurul Syuhada Roslan (p.10)

Sea Bottom Morphology and Sediment Distribution of Kuala Besar Kelantan River Delta and Its Offshore Areas
– Nurul Afifah Mohd Radzir, Che Aziz Ali, Kamal Roslan Mohamed, & Ramlan Omar (p.18)

A Preliminary Study of Parasitic Infections of Some Fished from Kinabatangan River, Sandakan, Sabah
– Hairul Hafiz Mahsol, Norizzah Zainuddin, Noor Farniza Habiib Abdullah &Abdul Hamid Ahmad (28)

Crowd Simulation Based on Flocking Behaviour on Parallel Cuda Platform
– Norhafiza Hamzah, Norsuzila Yusof & Z.A.Omar (p.34)

 

Originally Submitted in 2014. Published Online in 2016.

Download FULL VOLUME here (Via Google Drive)

If you can’t access this Volume, please contact Borneo Science Journal to get the full volume.

EVALUATION OF DEPRESSION CRITERIA USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS: A CASE STUDY ON UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH SCIENCES’ SCHOOLS

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ASDALIFAH TALIBE*, ZATURRAWIAH ALI OMAR & TONG SIN BEI

School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia.
*asdalifah@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Depression has been ranked by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the fourth most disabling disease in mental health problems. The aim of this study is therefore to determine the most common criteria of depression among students from five sciences’ schools in Universiti Malaysia Sabah by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The criterion was based on Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) I. There were three main criteria and were broken down into several sub-criteria in detail. The main criteria were negative attitudes towards self, performance impairment and somatic disturbances. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 19. The results showed that the collected data were random (run test of median = 0.247, mean = 0.087) and normally distributed (ShapiroWilk test = 0.326). The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.901 indicated that the questionnaire was reliable. The results of this study indicated somatic (bodily) disturbance and insomnia with the same relative weight of 0.4111 were the most common criteria and sub-criteria of depression for all school and also for different schools. Since all the consistency ratios were less than or greater than 0.1, the levels of consistency were acceptable.

KEYWORDS. Depression, Analytic Hierarchy Process, selection criteria

 

REFERENCES

  • Ahmed, I., Banu, H., Al-Fageer, R. & Al-Suwaidi, R. 2009. Cognitive emotions: depression and anxiety in medical students and staff. Journal of Critical Care, 24: 1-18.
  • Cronbach, L. J. 1951. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3): 297-334.
  • Ellen, S., Selzer, R., Norman, T. & Blashki, G. 2007. Depression and anxiety: pharmacological treatment in general practice. Australian Family Physician: 36(3): 222–227.
  • Institute for Public Health. 2011. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011. Malaysian Psychiatric Association, 2006. Depression. http://www.psychiatrymalaysia.org/article.php?aid=56.
  • Melissa-Halikiopoulou, C., Tsiga, E., Khachatryan, R. & Papazisis, G. 2011. Suicidality and depressive symptoms among nursing students in northen Greece. Health Science Journal, 5(2): 90-97.
  • National Institute of Mental Health, 2011. Depression. http://www.nimh.nib.gov/ health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml.
  • Regestein, Q., Natarajan, V., Pavlova, M., Kawasaki, S., Gleason, R. & Koff Elissa. 2010. Sleep debt and depression in female college students. Psychiatry Research, 176: 34-39.
  • Reyes-Rodríguez, M. L., Rivera-Medina, C. L., Cámara-Fuentes, L., Suárez-Torres, A. & Bernal, G. 2012. Depression symptoms and stressful life events among college students in Puerto Rico. Journal of affective disorders (In press).
  • Saaty, T.L. 1990. How to make a decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48: 9-26.
  • Shafer, A. B. 2006. Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires:
  • Beck, CES-D, Hamilton, and Zung. Journal of Clinical Phsycology, 62(1):123-46.
  • Simin, H. & Zahra, G. 2011. A survey Beck test in university students & its relationship between some related risk factors. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 28: 558- 562.
  • Taha, H. A. 2007. Operations Research: An Introduction. Singapore: Pearson Education International.

 

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PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF MUFFIN PARTIALLY SUBSTITUTED WITH ROSELLE CALYCES (Hibiscus sabdariffa. L) POWDER

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1*Siti Faridah Mohd. Amin, 1Hasmadi Mamat, 1Lee Jau Shya, & 1Nurul Syuhada Roslan

Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Email*: ctfaridah80@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. The effect of substitution of wheat flour with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% roselle calyces powder (RCP) on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of muffin was studied. Roselle calyces powder was produced by using spray drying. The physical (weight, loaf volume, specific volume and oven spring) and proximate analysis showed significant difference (p<0.05) between control and muffin substituted with RCP. Increasing the level of substitution from 5% to 20% of RCP significantly (p<0.05) increased the ash and crude fiber content in muffin samples. Sensory evaluation results indicated that muffin with 10% substitution of RCP was rated the most acceptable.

KEYWORDS. muffin, roselle calyces powder, loaf volume, oven spring, crude fibre

 

REFERENCES

  • AACC. 2000. Approved methods of the American Association of cereal chemists. 10th Edition. St. Paul, Minnesota. USA.
  • Almana, H. A. 2001. Karkade (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) as a mineral and fiber supplement in chocolate cake. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Arab Univ. Journal of Agriculture
    Science. 283: 295.
  • Physicochemical And Organoleptic Evaluation Of Muffin Partially Substituted With Roselle Calyces (Hibiscus Sabdariffa. L) Powder AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 17th Ed. Published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. USA.
  • Ashaye, O. A. & Adeleke, T.O. 2009. Quality attributes of stored Roselle Jam. International Food Research Journal. 16: 363-371.
  • Asolkar, L. V., Kakkar, K. K., & Chakre, O. J. 1992. Second Supplements to Chopra, Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles Part 1 (A-K). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, ISBN: 8172360487: 44.
  • Aurelio, D., Edgardo, R.G., & Navarro-Galindo, S. 2008. Thermal kinetic degradation of anthocyanins in a roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. cv. ‘Criollo’) infusion. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 43 (2): 322–325
  • Babalola, S.O. Babalola, A.O., & Aworh, C.O. 2001. Compositional attribute of the calyces of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var sabdariffa L). The Journal of Food Technology in
    Africa. 6: 133-134.
  • Chong, L. C. & Nor Aziah, A.A. 2008. Influence of Partial Substitution of Wheat Flour with Banana (Musa paradisiaca var. Awak) Flour on the Physico-Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Doughnuts. International Food Research Journal. 15: 119-124.
  • Cisse, M., Dornier, M., Sakho, M., Ndiaye, A., Reynes, M., & Sock, O. 2009. Le bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Composition et principales utilisations. Fruits. 64: 179–193.
  • Duangmal, K., Saicheua, B., & Sueeprasan, S. 2004. Roselle anthocyanins as a natural food colorant and improvement of its color stability. Proceedings of the AIC Color and Paints, Interim Meeting of the International Color Association. IEEE Xplore: 155-158.
  • Fasoyiro, S., Babalola, S., & Owosibo, T. 2005. Chemical composition and sensory quality of fruit-flavoured roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) drinks. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1: 161-164.
  • Hayashi, M., & Seguchi, M. 1998. Iron-enriched bread with karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and wheat flour. Cereal chemistry. 75: 686-689.
  • Hui, Y.H., Harold, C. Wai-Kit, N., & Ingrid, D.L. 2006. Bakery products: Science and Techology. Canada. Wiley Blackwell. Ibrahim, M.E.H, Karamall A.K. & Khattab, A.H. 1971. Biochemical studies of karkade. Sudan Journal of Food Science and Technology. 3: 37-40
  • Ismail, A., Ikram, E.H.K. & Nazri, H.S.M. 2008. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Seeds– Nutritional Composition, Protein Quality and Health Benefits. Food. 2: 1-16.
  • Knuckles, B.E., Hudson, C.A., Chiu, M.M. and Sayre, R.N. 1997. Effects of §-glucan barley fractions in high-fiber bread and pasta. Cereal Food World. 42 (2): 94-99.
  • Main, J., Clydesdale, F., & Francis, F. 1978. Spray drying anthocyanin concentrates for use as food colorants. Journal of Food Science. 43: 1693-1694.
  • Mohamed, B. B., Sulaiman, A.A., & Dahab, A.A. 2012. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in Sudan, Cultivation and Their Uses: Bull. Environ. Journal of Pharmacol. Life Science. 1: 48-54.
  • Manuel Gomez, Bonastre Oliete, Cristina M. Rosell, Valentın Pando & Encarnacion Fernandez. 2008. Studies on cake quality made of wheatechickpea flour blends. LWTFood Science and Technology. 41: 1701 -1709.
  • Meigaard, M., Civille, G. V., & Carr, B. T. 2000. Sensory evaluation techniques. 3 rd Edition. CRC Press. New York.
  • Olaoye, O., & Onilude, A. 2008. Microbiological, proximate analysis and sensory evaluation of baked product from blends of wheat-breadfruit flours. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 8: 192-203.
  • Pankaj S., Velua, V., Indrani, D., & Singh, R.P. 2013. Effect of dried guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) leaf powder on rheological, organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of cookies. Food Research International. 50 (2): 704–709.
  • Samsudin, A. Mat Isa, A. & Mohd. Taufik, A. 2000. Pengeringan dengan menggunakan mesin pengering (drying of roselle using dryer). Journal of tropical Agriculture and Food Sceince. 28 (2): 167-172.
  • See, E., Abdullah, W., Nadiah, W., & Nor Aziah, A. A. 2007. Physico-chemical and sensory evaluation of breads supplemented with pumpkin flour. ASEAN Food Journal. 14: 123-130.
  • Suliman, A. M., Ali, A.O, Idriss, S.E.A., & Abdualrahman, M.A. 2011. A Comparative Study on Red and White Karkade (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyces, Extracts and Their Products. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 10: 680-683.
  • Wong, P.-K., Yusof, S., Ghazali, H., & Man, Y.C. 2002. Physico-chemical characteristics of roselle (L.). Journal of Nutrition & Food Science. 32: 68-73.

 

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SEA BOTTOM MORPHOLOGY AND SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION OF KUALA BESAR KELANTAN RIVER DELTA AND ITS OFFSHORE AREAS

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Nurul Afifah Mohd Radzir*1, Che Aziz Ali1, Kamal Roslan Mohamed1, & Ramlan Omar2
1Geology Program,
2Environmental Science Program,
School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology,
University Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia.
Email: nurulafifah.mradzir@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT. Kuala Besar is part of the modern Kelantan River Delta complex and exhibits continuous changes in morphology because of the erosion, wave and sediment distribution. The precision of echo sounding data and 65 grab samples are integrated to reveal the bathymetry and sediment distribution at the Kuala Besar, Kelantan River Delta. Different sediment distribution patterns are found from the nearshore towards offshore, whereas the nearshore situated the fine silt size of grain, extended to the sea are dominated with the silt to sand size with account of 86%,, meanwhile the offshore area placed the sand size of sediment ranging from the 0.11 mm to 1.31 mm account for 100% maximum value. As per difference of the sediment distribution lead to the contribution of the bathymetry pattern change from the mouth bar towards the marine shelf due to the increasing of the distance from the land. These changes are brought about by the interactions of the various factors such as river influx, wave and climate that hits the coastal of east Peninsular Malaysia, where located the study area; thus resulting in morphological changes and sediments deposits pattern. The combinations of these factors produce a newly formed of the area which showing a retreat pattern of the sediment distribution promote by a gentle slope gradient of seabed morphology. Hence, the sediments distribution at different zone indicates the evolution of destructive wave types of the study area.

KEYWORDS. Kuala Besar, Kelantan River Delta, bathymetry, sediment distribution,destructive delta

REFERENCES

  • Buller, A.T., & McManus J. 1979. Sediment Sampling and Analysis. In: Dyer KR (ed) Estuarine Hydrography and Sedimentation: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press, London.
  • Coleman, J. M., & Prior D. B. 1980. Deltaic Sand Bodies- A 1980 Short Course Education Course Note Series #15. Coastal Studies Institute, Lousiana State University.
  • Dale, W.L. 1956. Wind and Drift Currents in the South China Sea. J. Trop. Geogr., 8:1-31
  • Hong, E., Huang T.C., & Yu H.S. 2004. Morphology and Dynamic Sedimentology in front of the Retreating Tsengwen Delta, Southwestern Taiwan. TOA, Vol 15, No. 4, 565-587.
  • Kamal, R. M., Che A. A., & Usop, S. 1997. Perubahan dan Perkembangan Morfologi Delta Kelantan. Laporan Penyelidikan UKM S/5/96.
  • Koopsman, B.N. 1972. Sedimentation in the Kelantan Delta (Malaysia). Sediment. Geol., 7:65-84

 

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF SOME FISHES FROM KINABATANGAN RIVER, SANDAKAN, SABAH.

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Hairul Hafiz Mahsol1*, Norizzah Zainuddin2, Noor Farniza Habib Abdullah2 & Abdul Hamid Ahmad1
1Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS,
84000 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. 2School of Science & Technology, Universiti
Malaysia Sabah Jalan UMS, 84000 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*hairulha@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. A survey of fishes of the Kinabatangan River was conducted to determine the fish types, abundance and prevalence of parasitic infection. The fishes were collected with gill nets in two distinct areas, named Abai and Bilit. Eleven fish species in ten genera and ten families were encountered. The family Ariidae formed 36.3% of the total number of individuals (n=80) while the rest were Pangasiidae (15%), Siluridae (11.3%), Cyprinidae (10%), Engraulidae (7.5%), Bagridae (6.3%), Toxotidae (6.3%), Sciaenidae (3.8%), Megalopidae (2.5%) and Clariidae (1.3%). Both ectoparasites and endoparasites especially intestinal helminth were recorded. The ectoparasite infestation rate was 45% whereas the endoparasite remain only 17.5%. The overall parasitic infection rate was more than half of sample (53.8%).This preliminary data indicated that almost halfof the population of fishes from these areas could be exposed to parasitic infection.

KEYWORDS. Infection, Parasites, Fishes, Kinabatangan River.
REFERENCES

  • Awharitoma, A.O & Okaka, C.E. 1999. Observation on the cichlid fishes in Ikpoba river and their parasitic infection. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 20: 129-137.
  • Hila Bu, S. S., & Leong, T. S. 1997. Fish parasite communities in tropical reservoirs along Perak River, Malaysia. Hydrobiologia, 356, 175-181
  • Kottelat, M., A. J. Whitten, S. N. Kartikasari & S. Wirjoatmodjo, 1993. Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Hong Kong, Periplus Editions. 221 pp.
  • Lee Y.H., Lee N.C., Robert B.S. & Mani O., 2006. The Water Quality of Several Oxbow Lakes in Sabah, Malaysia and its Relation to Fish Fauna Distribution. Journal of Biological Sciences, 6: 365-369.
  • Lim, K. K. P. & A. Wong, 1994. Fishes of the Kinabatangan basin, Sandakan district, Sabah, East Malaysia. Sabah Museum Journal, 1: 39-71.
  • Okaka, C.E, & Omoigberale, O.M 2002. Parasites of fishes of Okhuaihe River Edo State. African Scientist 3(1) : 1 -2.
  • Okaka, C.E. 1991. A survey into Helminth parasites of fishes of Asa river and its dam at Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Experimental and Applied Biology. 3: 120-128.
  • Onwuliri, C.O.E. and Mgbemena, M.O. 1987. The Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fish from Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Applied Fisheries Hydrobiology 2:33-37.
  • Rahman, W. A., & Ali, A. 1991. Helminthic fauna of some freshwater fish caught from two habitats in Pulau Langkawi, Kedah. Trop. Biomed., 8, 23-26.
  • Rahman, W. A., Ali, A., & Ros, A. C. 1992. On some Helminthic parasites of the Malayan catfish, Clarias batrachus in pond cultures from north Malaysia. Trop. Biomed., 9, 1 -2.
  • Rahman, W. A., & Bakri, M. 2008. On the endoparasitic fauna of some paddy field fishes from Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Bioscience, 19, 107-112.
  • Shaharom, F., Kartini, M., & Sheikh Omar, A. R. 1992. Boviena serialis infestation in the catfish Clarias macrocephalus. J. Vet. Malaysia, 4(2), 151.
  • Ugwuzor, G.A. 1987. A survey of the helminthic parasites offish in Imo River. Nigerian Journal of Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology. 225-30.
  • Umuoeren, N.A., Onwuliri, C.O.E & Anadu, D.I. 1988. Comparative studies in Endohelminth parasites of cultural and in cultured fish from Plateau State. Nigeria Journal of Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology. 3: 45-48.
  • Yoshiba, K. 1964. Report of the preliminary survey on the orang-utan in North Borneo. Primates. 5(1-2), 11-26.

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CROWD SIMULATION BASED ON FLOCKING BEHAVIOUR ON PARALLEL CUDA PLATFORM

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Norhafiza Hamzah*, Norsuzila Yusof & Z.A.Omar
School of Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
*hafiza@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This research is focused on flocking behaviour algorithm to simulate the crowd on parallel GPU using CUDA technology. The analysis of frame rates is conducted to compare the crowd simulation on parallel GPU platform and on a single processor. The result shows that the crowd simulation on a parallel GPU platform is 15 frames per second for 16, 384 characters. This result is equivalent with the number of frames per second for crowd simulation on a single processor with 576 characters. Thus, the results demonstrate that crowd simulation is more efficient on the parallel GPU platform especially for the large scale data. KEYWORDS. Crowd simulation; Flocking behaviour; GPU computing; CUDA

 

REFERENCES

  • Jiang, H., Xu, W., Mao, T., Li, C., Xia, S. & Wang, Z. 2010. Continuum crowd simulation in complex environments. Computers & Graphics, 34(5): 537-544.
  • Reynolds, C. 2006. Big fast crowds on PS3. Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Videogames. Boston, Massachusetts: ACM, (pp.113-121).
  • Saboia, P. & Goldenstein, S. 2012. Vis Comput. Crowd simulation:applying mobile grids to  the social force model, pp.1039-1048.
  • Serrano, M. I. 2011. Flock Implementation for the Blender Game Engine. The Florida State University.
  • Passos, E., Joselli, M., Zamith, M., Rocha, J., Clua, E., Montenegro, A., Conci, A. & Feijó, B. 2008. Supermassive crowd simulation on GPU based on emergent behavior. Proceedings of the Seventh Brazilian Symposium on Computer Games and Digital Entertainment (SBGames’08), Sciedade Brasileira de Computação, SBC, pp.70-75.

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PROPERTIES OF SMALL DIAMETER ACACIA HYBRID LOGS FOR BIOCOMPOSITES PRODUCTION

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Rafeadah Rusli*, Hashim W. Samsi,
Roszaini Kadir, Salmiah Ujang, Zaihan Jalaludin, & Suffian Misran

Biocomposite and Wood Protection Programme,
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor, Malaysia
E-mail: rafeadah@frim.gov.my

ABSTRACT. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using juvenile Acacia hybrid in manufacturing biocomposite boards. The mechanical, physical and fungal resistance properties of the boards produced were determined. The four year-old Acacia hybrid was obtained from several clones. The particleboards and medium density fibreboards (MDF) were manufactured at a target density of 750 kg/m3 and resin levels of 6, 8 and 10%. The results indicated that all particleboards and MDF complied with the Particleboard- specifications (BS EN 312:2010) and the Fibreboard specifications: Requirement for dry process boards (MDF) (BS EN 622-5: 2009, respectively. The fungal resistance properties of particleboard and MDF showed better in resistance compared to particleboard. The mechanical and physical properties of the particleboard were compared with the A. mangium particleboards.

KEYWORDS. Acacia hybrid, particleboard, medium density fibreboard, mechanical and physical properties, fungal resistance

REFERENCES:

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PHYTOREMEDIATION USING Typha angustifolia L. FOR MINE WATER EFFLUENCE TREATMENT: CASE STUDY OF EX-MAMUT COPPER MINE, RANAU, SABAH.

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Lo Vun Yen & Kartini Saibeh*

Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
E-mail: k_saibeh@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This research was carried out to determine the capability of Typha angustifolia L. for accumulation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn). Typha angustifolia were planted in-situ in the tanks filled with mine water effluence (MWE) from the abandoned copper mine pit. The concentration of heavy metals in three replicates of plant root, stem and leaves were determined at Day 0 and Day 60. Samples of plant tissue were digested using hot concentrated nitric acid and the amounts of heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results showed that at Day 60, the concentrations of heavy metals were decreased in all plant part, except Fe and Cu were increased and Cr was increased in root and stem part.The results obtained from this research can be used as a fundamental data in maximizing the potential usage of T. angustifolia for mine water effluence (MWE) treatment at the ex-Mamut copper mine.

KEYWORDS. Accumulation, heavy metals, Typha angustifolia, mine water effluence

REFERENCES:

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AN ANALYSIS OF LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGES USING REMOTE SENSING DATA AND ITS IMPACTS TOWARDS SEDIMENT LOADING IN PADAS RIVER SUB-CATCHMENT

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Ahmad Norazhar Mohd Yatim*1, Dazvieo Keniin2,
Farrah Anis Fazliatul Adnan1,2, & Carolyn Melissa Payus1

1 School of Science and Technology,
2Water Research Unit,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Email: norazhar@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Human activities surrounding natural rivers may cause its profile area to change in terms of depth and size. The objective of this study was to investigate the land use and land cover (LULC) changes and its impacts towards the soil stability on the sediment loading. Two satellite images Landsat 5 for year 1991 and Spot 5 for year 2010 were classified using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) which describe the land cover and land use change (LULC) within 20 years of time for the river sub-catchment. The study area was classified into seven categories on the basis of field study and remote sensing data. From the images, the land use alteration was dominated by palm oil with an increase of 16.84% and rubber plantation showed a declination of 31.29%. Meanwhile for land cover, cleared land area show the highest alteration with an increase of 22.63% while forest area showed declination with 18.68%. By using statistical methods, the trend analysis of suspended sediment was performed by One Way ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons test and the results showed that the suspended sediment concentration has increased by 10.07% (15.69 mg/L) from 1991 to 2010. This study shows that the conversion of forest and rubber areas to palm oil and urbanized area around the sub-catchment area have increased the sediment contribution to Sg. Padas, Beaufort.

KEYWORDS. Land use and land cover, sediment contribution, remote sensing and GIS

REFERENCES:

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POWER ADDED EFFICIENCY MODEL FOR MESFET CLASS E POWER AMPLIFIER USING JACKKNIFE RESAMPLING

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ABSTRACT. There are several types of amplifier classes, and this includes the class E amplifier. The class E can achieve its efficiency up to 100%. This paper thus aims on getting the best model in estimating the power added efficiency of Class E power amplifier circuit using Silicon Carbide MESFET. Twelve models are obtained from three independent variables; DC current (Idc), drain voltage (Vdc), and power out (Pout). The original data set of 7 is generated to become 105 data samples (21 sets x 5 observations where each set with two missing observations) using the Jackknife sampling technique at the first stage (7C2). The power added efficiency model employs the Multiple Regression (MR) technique up to the second order of interactions. The best model is based on the eight selection criteria (8SC). The best model is found to be model M12.5.0, chosen from the six selected model).Efficiency factors affect the power added efficiency estimation are found to be X3(IDC) and X12(interaction between Pout and VDS).

KEYWORDS. Multiple Regression; Jackknife; interactions; Power Added Efficiency; Efficiency Factors.

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REFERENCES

Aminatul Hawa Yahaya, Noraini Abdullah, & Zainodin H. J. 2012. Multiple Regression Models up to First-order Interaction on Hydrochemistry Properties. Asian Journal of
Mathematics and Statistics, 5 (4): 121-131.

Bameri, H, Hakimi, A., & Movahhdi, M. 2011. A Linear-high Range Output Power Control Technique for Cascade Power Amplifier. Microelectronics Journal, 42: 1025-1031.

Franco, M., & Katz, A. J. 2005. Class E Silicon Carbide VHF Power Amplifier. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ,  08628, USA.

Lucyszyn, S. 1997. Power-added Efficiency Errors with RF Power Amplifiers. International Journal of Electronics 82 (3): 303-312.

Lee, Y. S., & Jeong Y. H. 2007. A High-Efficiency Class-E Amplifier Using Sic MESFET. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 49 (6): 1447-1449.

Milosevic, D., Van Der Tang, J., & Van Roermun, A. 2002. Investigation on Technological Aspects of Class E RF Power Amplifier for UMTS Applications, in CiteSeerX.

Noraini Abdullah, Zainodin Haji Jubok, & Nigel Jonney J. B. 2008. Multiple Regression Models of the Volumetric Stem Biomass. WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics, 7 (7): 492-502.

Noraini Abdullah, Zainodin Haji Jubok, & Amran Ahmed. 2012. Sustainable Urban Forest Using Multiple Regression Models. Research Journal of Forestry, 6 (1):1-15.

Lind, D. A, Marchal, W. G., & Mason, R. D. 2005. Statistical Technique in Business and Economics, 11th Edn., McGraw-Hill Inc, New York, USA.

Quenouille, M. H. 1949. Problems in Plane Sampling. Annal of Mathematical Statistics, 20 (3): 355- 375. Power Added Efficiency Model for Mesfet Class E Power Amplifier using Jackknife Resampling 51

Stepan Lucyszyn, 1997. “Power-added Efficiency Errors with RF Power Amplifiers” . International Journal of Electronics, 82 (3): 303-312.

Soumya Shatakshi Panda & P.Manikandan. 2012. An Efficient And Power Optimized Cascode Stage RF Tuned Class-E Power Amplifier. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 10 (1): 1-6.

Tichelaar, B. W., & Ruff, L. J. 1989. How Good Are Our Best Models? Jackknifing, Bootstrapping, and Earthquake Depth. Eos, 70 (20): 593-606.

Zainodin, H. J, Noraini, A., & Yap, S. J. 2011. An Alternative Multicollinearity Approach in Solving Multiple Regression Problem. Trends in Applied Sciences Research, 6 (11): 1241-1255

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GEO-ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN DENT PENINSULAR, LAHAD DATU, SABAH

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ABSTRACT. A vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey was conducted in Dent Peninsular, Lahad Datu Sabah. The main objectives of the study are to determine the geo-electrical characteristic curves of the sediments and to relate them to various rock formations and layer of aquifer potential. In this study, the schlumberger electrode configuration was adopted for the acquisition of VES data in the field. A total of 31 VES stations were occupied within Sebahat, Ganduman and Togopi Formation of the study area. Resistivity curve types identified ranges from simple H until HQ, QH, KA, AA and QQ curve types, reflecting facies or lithological variations in the area. Four typical geo-electrical resistivity curves obtained can be associated with different rock formations in the study area. Four pattern of resistivity curves were obtained for Sebahat Formation with no typical characteristic type of curves which include HQ, QQ, QH and H types. Two typical resistivity curves were observed for the Lower Ganduman Formation (HQ and QQ) and three typical curves characterized the Upper Ganduman Formation (H, HQ and KA). Similarly, three typical resistivity curves (HQ, AA and H) were obtained for Togopi Formation. Interpreted 2D geo-electrical resistivity section obtained for all the sedimentary rock formations were used to evaluate the potential aquifer in the study area. The results show that the thick sandstone layers found in the Lower Ganduman and Togopi Formation have potential to become good groundwater aquifers. In addition, there is also a possibility of variable thickness of sandstone layer in the Upper Ganduman Formation to become a possible unconfined aquifer.


KEYWORDS. Vertical Electrical Sounding, groundwater, geo-electrical characterization, Schlumberger.

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REFERENCES

Abd. Manaf Ishak, Gamble, D. H. F., & Krishna Kumar. 1990. Dent Peninsular Water  Supply: Supply to Village D and The Industrial Complex. Groundwater & the Environment: Proceedings of The 2nd International Groundwater Conference, Kota Bharu. Hlm. B26-B36.

Hadi Tahmasbi Nejad. 2009. Geoelectrict Investigation of the Aquifer Characteristic and Groundwater Potential in Behbahan Azad University Farm, Khuzestan Province, Iran.Journal of Applied Science, 9 (20): 3691-3698.

Haile, N. S., & Wong, N. R. Y. 1965. The Geology and Mineral Resources of Dent Peninsula, Sabah. Geological Survey, Borneo Region, Malaysia. Memoir 16. Kuching, Sarawak: Vincent Kiew Fah San, Goverment Printer.

Hutchison, C. S. 2005. Geology of North-West Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah. Kuala Lumpur: Universiti Malaya.

Ismail Che Mat Zin. 1994. Dent Group and its Equivalent in the Offshore Kinabatangan Area, East Sabah. Bulletin Geology Society of Malaysia, 36: 127-143.

Koeffoed, O. 1979. Geosounding Principle: 1, Resistivity Sounding Measurements. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Loke, M. H. 2012. Tutorial 2D and 3D Electrical Imaging Surveys. Revision date 2012.

Geotomo Software, Malaysia. Retrieved from www.geotomosoft.com.

Mooney, H. M. 1980. Handbook of Engineering Geophysics,Volume 2: Electrical Resistivity. United State of America: Bison Instrument INC.

Oseji, J. O., Atakpo, E. A., & Okolie, E. C. 2005. Geoelectric Investigation of the Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Potential in Kwale, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of
Applied Science Environmental, 9 (1): 157 – 160.

Oseji, J.O., & Ujuanbi, O. 2009. Hydrogeophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in Emu kingdom, Ndokwa Land of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4 (5): 275-284.

Parasnis, D. S. 1962. Principles of Applied Geophysics. London: Chapman & Hall.

Sanudin Tahir, & Baba Musta. 2007. Pengenalan Kepada Stratigrafi. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah: Penerbit UMS.

Sanudin Tahir., Shariff A. K. Omang, & Majeed M. F. 1995. Middle Miocene Volcanic Sequence in Eastern Sabah. Borneo Science, 1 (1): 9-27.

Telford, W. M., Geldart, L. P., Sheriff, R. E., & Keys, D. A. 1990. Applied Geophysics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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ASSESSMENT OF FRESH SEMEN QUALITY OF DOMESTICATED BANTENG (BOS JAVANICUS D’ALTON, 1823) IN SABAH, MALAYSIA

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ABSTRACT. Banteng cattle have been domesticated in several places in the Southeast Asia. A domesticated form of Banteng, called ‘Bali cattle’ considered to be the same species and occurs widely in Indonesia and has been introduced to other areas of the world. Banteng cattle were classified as endangered species by IUCN Red List. In the past few years an effort has been made by Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry (DVSAI) Sabah, Malaysia in Banteng research for conservation and breeding program purposes. Electroejaculation technique was applied on fifteen Banteng cattle for semen collection. Collected fresh semen then analyzed for semen volume, pH, sperm concentration and motility. The objective of this study was to determine the fresh semen quality of domesticated Banteng cattle reared in Sabah, Malaysia. Results in this study show the semen volume was between 2.2 to 11.5 ml (mean; 6.28±2.3 ml), pH 6.63 to 7.48 (mean;7.01±0.24), sperm concentration between 30 to 470 x 106 sperm/ml (mean; 266 x 106 sperm/ml) and sperm motility between 10 to 70% (mean; 56.08±16.72 %). We conclude that data generated in this study were useful and important hedge against the complete loss of threatened populations of Banteng cattle, in making the decision for conservation and breeding program where the sources were very limited.

KEYWORDS. Banteng, Bali cattle, semen quality

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REFERENCES

Al-Hakim, M. K., Ali, S. B. A., & Singh, B. P. 1984. Study on Semen Characteristics of Karadi (Kurdi) Bulls. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 23: 163-169.

Aghangari, Y. T. 1992. Cryopreservation of ram semen for AI. Thesis PhD, University of Wales.

Amann, R. P. 1989. Can the Fertility Potential of a Seminal Sample be Predicted Accurately? Journalof Andrology, 10: 89-98.

Andrews, L. G. 1972. The Major Non-infectious Causes of Reproductive Wastage in Beef Cattle in the Northern Territory. Australian Veterinary Journal, 48: 41-46.

Arifiantini, R. I., Wiresdiyati, T., & Retnani, E. F. 2006. Sperm Morphology Assessment of Bali Bull Cattle using “William” Stain. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 31: 105-110.

Ballester, J., Johannisson, A., Saravia, F., Haard, M., Gustafsson, H., Bajramovic, D., & Rodriguez-Martinez, H. 2007. Post-thaw Viability of Bull AI-doses with Low-sperm Numbers. Theriogenology, 68: 934-943.

Barth, A. D. 2000. Bull Breeding Soundness Evaluation Manual. 2nd edition. The Western Canadian Association of Bovine Practitioners. Lacombe, Alberta, Canada.

Bearden, H. J., & Fuquay, J. W. 1997. Applied Animal Reproduction. 4th edition. New Jersey:

Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, USA.

Brito, L. F. C., Silva, A. D. E. F., Rodrigues, L. H., Vieira, F. V., Deragon, A. G., & Kastelic,

J. P. 2002. Effect of Environmental Factors, Age and Genotype on Sperm Production and Semen Quality of B. indicus and B. taurus AI bulls in Brazil. Theriogenology, 70: 181-190.

Copland, R. S. 1974. Observations on Banteng Cattle in Sabah. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 6: 89-94.

Dahmani, Y. 2012. Semen Evaluation Methods in Cattle. Magapor R&D Department. Retrieved 25 November 2012, from http://www.magapor.com/images/Veterinarios/iDoc_18.pdf

Darmadja, D. 1980. Half Century of Traditional Bali Cattle Farming in Baliness Agricultural Ecosystem. Thesis PhD. Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia.

Devendra, C. T., Choo, L. K., & Pathmasingan, M. 1973. The productivity of Bali cattle in Malaysia. Malaysian Agriculture Journal, 49: 183-197.

Falk, A. J., Waldner, C. L., Cotter, B. S., Gudmundson, J., & Barth, A. D. 2001. Effects of Epidural Lidocaine Anesthesia on Bulls during Electroejaculation. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 42: 116-120.

Fiaz, M., Usmani, R. H., Abdullah, M., & Ahmad, T. 2010. Evaluation of Semen Quality of Holstein Friesian and Jersey Bulls Maintained under Subtropical Environment. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 30: 75-78.

Gil, M. A., Roca, J., Cremades, T., Hernandez, M., Vazquez, J. M., Rodriguez-Martinez, H., & Martinez, E. A. 2005. Does Multivariate Analysis of Post-thaw Sperm Characteristics Accurately Estimate in Vitro Fertility of Boar Individual Ejaculates? Theriogenology, 64: 305-316.

Hafez, E. S. E. 1974. Reproduction in Farm Animals. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: Lea and Fibiger, USA.

Hedges, S. 1996. Proposal for Inclusion of Banteng (Bos javanicus) in CITES Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group, IUCN/SSC Wildlife Trade Programme, Thai Government, Bangkok.

Huat, K. S. 1973. Semen Characteristics of Crossbred Goats. (Kambing Kajong Jamnapari). Kajian Veterinar (Malaysia Singapore), 7: 63-66.

Ismail, M. I., Jaffar, F. F., Zainalabidin, F. A., Mail, M. H., Hajarian, H., Ismail, Z., Karim, A. A. A., Jaffar, F. H. F., Nang, C. F., Hassan, N., Mohamad, S. F. S., Ibrahim, S. F., Osman, K., & Othman, A. M. 2010. Semen Analysis of Bali Cattle (Bos Javanicus) Bulls Ranched in Oil Palm Plantation in Malaysia. Reproductive Biotechnology, 7: 46.

Iswadi, M. I., Ann, Z. F., Hafiz, M. M., Hafiz, M. D., Fahrul, F. J., Hajarian, H., Wahid, H., Zawawi, I., Khairiah, M. S., & Mazni, O. A. 2012. Collection, Analysis and Cryopreservation of Semen from Malayan Gaur (Bos gaurus Hubbacki): A Preliminary Study. Open Veterinary Journal, 2: 109-114.

International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. IUCN Red List of threatened species. World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland. Retrieved 25 November 2012, from http:// www.iucnredlist.org.

Januskauskas, A., Johannisson, A., & Rodriguez-Martinez, H. 2003. Subtle Membrane Changes in Cryopreserved Bull Semen in Relation with Sperm Viability, Chromatin Structure, and Field Fertility. Theriogenology, 60: 743-758.

Johari, J. A., & Jasmi, Y. 2009. Breeds and Breeding Program for Beef Production in Malaysia. Proceeding of the 8th Malaysia Congress on Genetics, 4-6 August 2009, Genting Highlands, Malaysia: 22-28.

Johnson, L. A., Weitze, K. F., Fiser, P., & Maxwell, W. M. 2000. Storage of Boar Semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 62: 143-172.

Kirby, G. W. M. 1972. Bantengs, a New Source of Genes. Turn Off, 4: 6-8.

Mamabolo, M. J. 1999. Dietary, Seasonally and Environmental Influences on Semen Quality and Fertility Status Indigenous Goats in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. M. Inst. Agrar. Thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Martojo, H. 2002. A Simple Selection Program for Smallholder Bali Cattle Farmers. Proceeding of an ACIAR Workshop on Strategies to Improve Bali Cattle in Eastern Indonesia, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: 43-47.

Mathevon, M., Bhyr, R. M., & Dekkers, J. C. 1998. Environmental, Management and Genetic Factors Affecting Semen Production in Holstein Bulls. Journal of Dairy Science, 81: 3321-3330.

McGowan, M. 2004. Approach to Conducting Bull Breeding Soundness Examinations. In Practice, 26: 485-491.

Parkinson, T. J. 2004. Evaluation of Fertility in Natural Service Bulls. Veterinary Journal, 168: 215-229.

Patel, B. R., & Siddiquee, G. M. 2013. Physical and Morphological Characteristics of Kankrej Bull Semen. Veterinary World, 6: 405-408.

Payne, W. J. A. 1970. Cattle Production in the Tropics, 1 vol.: Breeds and Breeding.

Tropical Agriculture Series, Longman Group Ltd., London: 336.

Purwantara, B., Noor, R. R., Andersson, G., & Rodriguez-Martinez, H. 2012. Banteng and Bali Cattle in Indonesia: Status and Forecasts. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47: 2-6. Roberts, S. J. 1986. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases (Theriogenology), 3 rd Edition. Woodstock VT, USA: 622.

Sarder, M. J. U. 2007. Environment Related Variations in the Semen Characteristics of Bulls used for Artificial Insemination (AI) Programme In Bangladesh. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University, 26: 81-88.

Shaha, S. P., Alam, M. G. S., Khatun, M., & Ahmed, J. U. 2008. Breeding Soundness of Stud Bulls. The Bangladesh Veterinary Journal, 25: 51-61.

Sharma, M., Singh, M., Kapoor, S., & Jasial, S. 2012. Inter Relationship Between Some Routine Semen Evaluation Parameters in Jersey X Local Hill Cattle Crossbred Bulls. Open Veterinary Journal, 2: 26-31.

Mohd Iswadi Ismail, Fazly Ann Zainalabidin, Mohd Hafiz Mail, Siti Romaino Mohd Nor, Loo Shu San, Fahrul Firdaus Jaffar, Punimin Abdullah, Daud Yusof, Abd Wahid Haron, & Abas Mazni Othman 32

Talib, C., Entwistle, K., Sirega, A., Budiarti-Turner, S., & Lindsay, D. 2002. Survey of Population and Production Dynamics of Bali Cattle and Existing Breeding Programs in Indonesia. Proceeding of an ACIAR Workshop on Strategies to Improve Bali Cattle in Eastern Indonesia, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: 3-9.

Toelihere, M. R. 2002. Increasing the Success Rate and Adoption of Artificial Insemination for Genetic Improvement of Bali Cattle. Proceeding of an ACIAR Workshop on Strategies to Improve Bali Cattle in Eastern Indonesia, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia: 48-53.

Van Denmark, N. L., & Free, M. J. 1970. Temperature Effect. In Johnson AD, Ggomes WR and Van Denmark NL. The Testis, volume 3. Academic Press, New York, USA: 233- 312.

Wells, M. E., Smith, S., Breuer, D. J., & Stotts, B. A. 1976. Ejaculate Characteristics of Angus and Hereford Bulls Finishing Test Gain. Research Report, Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University: 134-136.

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ANALYSIS OF VIBRATOR FOR SOMPOTON USING CANTILEVER BEAM MODEL

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ABSTRACT. One of the famous heritages in Sabah is the traditional musical instrument called sompoton. This instrument has several parts with the vibrator being the most important of all. In this paper, the vibrator is modeled as a cantilever beam with uniformly distributed mass. Using this model, the fundamental frequency is analyzed using Rayleigh’s energy theory. The vibrator made from aluminum is fabricated at different dimensions and is excited using constant air jet to obtain its fundamental resonance frequency. The measured fundamental frequency is then compared with the theoretical values calculated based on cantilever beam model and Rayleigh’s energy theories. It was found that the experimental and theoretical results exhibit the same trend but differ in magnitude. To overcome this, a correction factor is added to the theoretical formulation to account for fabrication error.

KEYWORDS. Vibrator, cantilever beam, Rayleigh’s energy theory, resonance frequency, single degree of freedom system.

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REFERENCES

Bansal, R. K. 2010. A Text Book of Strength of Materials (4th ed). Daryaganj, New Delhi: Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd.

Erkut, C., Karjalainen, M., Huang, P., & Välimäki, V. 2002. Acoustical Analysis and Model Based Sound Synthesis of the Kantele. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(4): 1681-1691.

Gere, J. M., & Goodno, B. J. 2008. Mechanics of Materials (7th ed). Toronto, Kanada: Cengage Learning.

Hopkin, B. 1996. Musical Instrument Design: Practical Information for Instrument Design. Tucson, Arizona: See Sharp Press.

Ismail, A., Samad, S. A., Hussain, A., Azhari, C. H., & Zainal, M. R. M. 2006. Analysis of the Sound of the Kompang for Computer Music Synthesis. IEEE 4th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD 2006). 27-28 June 2006, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

Marasan, R. 2003. Alat Muzik Sompoton Negeri Sabah. Pejabat Kebudayaan dan Kesenian Negeri Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia.

Merriman, M. 1924. Mechanics of Materials. John Wiley & Sons.

Ong, C. W., & Dayou, J. 2009. Frequency Characteristic of Sound from Sompoton Musical Instrument. Borneo Science, 25: 71-79.

Rujinirum, C., Phinyocheep, P., Prachyabrued, W., & Laemsak, N. 2005. Chemical Treatment of Wood for Musical Instruments. Part I: Acoustically Important Properties of Wood for the Ranad (Thai Traditional Xylophone). Wood Science and Technology, 39(1): 77-85.

Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. 2006. Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, 4th Edition (Available 2010 Titles Enhanced Web Assign)., USA: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning.

Someya, S., & Okamoto, K. 2007. Measurement of the Flow and Its Vibration in Japanese Traditional Bamboo Flute Using the Dynamic PIV. Journal of Visualization, 10(4): 397-404.

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FLOW INSTABILITY OF DOPE SOLUTION IN HOLLOW FIBER SPINNING PROCESS FOR DIFFERENT FLOW CHANNEL LENGTH

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ABSTRACT. The study demonstrated the effect of different flow channel length on the spinneret with respect to the ceramic hollow fiber membrane morphology. A smartly designed spinneret is utilized for the spinning process where the nozzle used can be change to different length via the use of adapters. Thus, allowing the effect of having different flow channel length to be investigated. Three spinneret adapters with different nozzle length were fabricated at 29 mm, 34 mm, and 39 mm. Ceramic hollow fiber membrane is produced using these configurations in the spinning process. Then, the micrographic cross sections of hollow fiber membranes is investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) where it shows finger like, dense layer and damage structure morphology. Out of the samples investigated, hollow fiber membrane spun using 39 mm nozzle length produce the best concentricity. CFD simulation is initiated to study the flow behavior inside the flow channel to correlate with that of the experimental result attained.

KEYWORDS. Hollow fiber, Spinneret, Flow Channel, CFD

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REFERENCES

Bird, R. B., Armstrong, R. C., & Hassager, O. 1987. Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Fluid Mechanics (Volume 1). Vol. 1, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons.

Bonyadi, S., & Chung, T. S. 2007. Investigation of Corrugation Phenomenon in the Inner Contour of Hollow Fibers during the Non-solvent Induced Phase-separation Process, Journal of Membrane Science, 299: 200.

Chung, T. S., Teoh, S. K., Lau, W. W. Y., & Srinivasan, M. P. 1998. Effect of Shear Stress within the Spinneret on Hollow Fiber Membrane Morphology and Separation Performance. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 37: 3930.

Chung, T. S., Qin, J. J., & Gu, J. 2001. Effect of Shear Rate within the Spinneret on Morphology, Separation Performance and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafiltration Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes. Chemical Engineering Science, 56: 5869.

John F. D., Janusz M. G., & John A. S. 2001. Fluid Mechanics. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.

Larson, R. G. 1992. Instabilities in Viscoelastic Flows. Rheologica Acta, 31: 213

Li, K. 2007. Ceramic Membranes for Separation and Reaction. West Sussex, England: John Willey and Sons Ltd.

Moynihan, R. H., Baird, D. G., & Ramanathan. 1990. Additional Observations on the Surface Melt Fracture Behavior of Linear Low-density Polyethylene. Journal of Non Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 34: 255.

Nunes, S. P., & Peineman, K. 2006. Membrane Technology: in the Chemical Industry. WileyVCH.

Nijdam, W., de Jong, J., van Rijn, C. J. M., Visser, L. Versteeg, Kapantaidakis, G., Koops, H., & Wessling, M. 2005. High Performance Micro-engineered Hollow Fiber Membranes by Smart Spinneret Design. Journal of Membrane Science, 256: 209.

Otter, J. L. 1971. Some Investigations of Melt Fracture, Rheologica Acta, 10: 200. Petrie, C. J. S., & Denn, M. M. 1976. Instabilities in Polymer Processing. AIChE Journal, 22: 209.

Porter, M. C. 1990. Handbook of Industrial Membrane Technology. New Jersey, USA: Noyes.

Piau, J. M., Kissi, N. E., & Tremblay, B. 1990. Influence of Upstream Instabilities and Wall Slip on Melt Fracture and Sharkskin Phenomena during Silicones Extrusion through Orifice Dies. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 34.

Piau, J. M., Kissi, N. E., & Tremblay, B. 1988. Low Reynolds Number Flow Visualization of Linear and Branched Silicones Upstream of Orifice Dies. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 30 :197.

Qin, J. J., Gu, J., & Chung, T. S. 2001. Effect of Wet and Wet-jet Spinning on the Shearinduced Orientation during the Formation of Ultrafiltration Hollow Fiber Membranes. Journal of Membrane Science.

Santoso, Y. E., Chung, T. S., Wang, K. Y., & Weber, M. 2006. The Investigation of Irregularinner-Skin Morphology of Hollow Fiber Membranes at High Speed Spinning and the Solutions to Overcome It. Journal of Membrane Science, 182: 57.

Su, Y., Lipscomb, G. G., Balasubramaniam, H., & Lloyd, D. R. 2006. Observations of Recirculation in the Bore Fluid During Hollow Fiber Spinning, AIChE Journal, 52: 2072-2078.

Su, Y. 2007. Theoretical Studies of Hollow Fiber Spinning. Ph. D. Diss., College of Engineering, University of Toledo.

Wang, K. Y., Matsuura, T., Chung, T. S., & Guo, W. F. 2004. The Effects of Flow Angle and Shear Rate within the Spinneret on the Separation Performance of Poly (Ethersulfone) (PES) Ultrafiltration Hollow Fiber Membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 240: 67.

Widjojo, N., & Chung, T. S. 2006. The Thickness and Air-gap Dependence of Macrovoid Evolution in Phase-Inversion Asymmetric Hollow Fiber Membranes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45: 7618.

Widjojo, N., Chung, T. S., Arifin, D. Y., Weber, M., & Warzelhan, V. 2010. Elimination of Die Swell and Instability in Hollow Fiber Spinning Process of Hyperbranched Polyethersulfone (HPES) via Novel Spinneret Designs and Precise Spinning Conditions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 163: 143-153.

Yang, Q., Chung, T. S., Chen, S. B., & Weber, M. 2008. Pioneering Explorations of Rooting causes for Morphology and Performance Differences in Hollow Fiber Kidney dialysis Membranes Spun from Linear and Hyperbranched Polyethersulfone. Journal of Membrane Science, 313: 190.

Yang, Q., Chung, T. S., Weber, M., & Wollny, K. 2009. Rheological Investigations of Linear and Hyperbranched Polyethersulfone Towards Their As-spun Phase Inversion Membranes’ Differences. Polymer, 50: 524.

Volume 31 (Food Science Issue)

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OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF BLOOD COCKLE (Anadara granosa) USING ALCALASE®
Amiza, M. A. & Masitah, M.

SCREENING OF SEVEN TYPES TERENGGANU HERBS FOR THEIR POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST SELECTED FOOD MICROORGANISMS
Mohd Adzim Khalili R., Norhayati A. H., Emynur Shafekh S., Mohamad Fazari G, Azlina M.,
Tajul Zahili, M., & Ahmad Zubaidi A. L.

CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CARBOHYDRATES, ORGANIC ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS OF SOAKED PEANUTS WITH LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
1Manan, D. M. A., 2Nadiah, W. A. W., & 2Ng, Y. M.

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS DETERMINATION IN FERMENTED LIQUID DRAGON FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS)
Foong, J. H., Hon, W. M., & Ho, C. W.

PROBIOTIC POTENTIAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF MICRO-ORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM AN INDIGENOUS FISH SAUCE
1Kheng Yuen Sim, 2Fook Yee Chye, & 3Ann Anton

MAJOR FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF COMMERCIAL SEMI-SWEET BISCUIT
1Hasmadi Mamat, 1Mansoor Abdul Hamid, & 2Sandra E. Hill

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OSMO-DEHYDROFROZEN PINEAPPLES
Lee-Fong Siow & Kar-Hing Lee

PROXIMATE COMPOSITIONS AND TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS OF SELECTED EDIBLE SEAWEED FROM SEMPORNA, SABAH, MALAYSIA
1,2Fisal Ahmad, 1Mohd Rosni Sulaiman,
1Welzan Saimon, 1Chye Fook Yee, & 1Patricia Matanjun

SEED FAT FROM Madhuca longifolia AS RAW MATERIAL FOR HALAL ALTERNATIVE FATS
1,2Marikkar, J. M. N. & 1Yanty, N. A. M.

FOOD SAFETY KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG THE STREET FOOD VENDORS IN NORTHERN KUCHING CITY, SARAWAK
Md Mizanur Rahman, Mohd. Taha Arif, Kamaluddin Bakar, & Zainab bt Tambi

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTHY ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE DURING PREGNANCY
Mitra Mirsanjari1, Wan Abdul Manan Wan Muda1,
Affizal Ahmad1, Mohd Shukri Othman2, Maryam Mosavat2 & Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari3

EFFECTS OF RED PITAYA FRUIT (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS) CONSUMPTION ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AND
LIPID PROFILE IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS
¹Norhayati Abd Hadi, ¹Marhazlina Mohamad,
¹Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin & ²Rokiah Mohd Yusof

NUTRITIVE VALUE BETWEEN FERMENTED AND GERMINATED SOYBEAN:γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID, AMINO ACIDS CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES
¹Koh, S. P., 1Jamaluddin, A., 2Alitheen, 2Mohd-Ali, N. B., 2Mohd-Yusof, N., H., 3Yeap, S. K., & 1Long, K.