CONTENT
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AND BREEDING SYSTEM OF Orthosiphon aristatus (BLUME) MIQ
- Nur Karimah Binti Mohamad, Freddy Kuok San, Yeo*, Wi Soon See, Wei Hong Lay & Cheksum @ Supiah Binti Tawan

TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITYBY DIFFERENT DRYINGAND EXTRACTION METHODS OF Clinacanthus nutans LEAVES
- Mohd Hafiz Abdul Majid, Yvonne Melse Laurencea, Mohammad Shaheen Khan and Mohd Sani Sarjadi

THE AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES ASSEMBLAGES RESPONSES TO WATERSHED LAND USE IN TABIN WILDLIFE RESERVE (TWR), LAHAD DATU, SABAH, MALAYSIA
- Arman Hadi Fikri, Tan Wai Shu, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Kueh Boon Hee & Sahana Harun

TREE HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR ROADSIDE TREE IN KOTA KINABALU CITY CENTRE, SABAH
- Andy R. Mojiol

PERANTI PENGIRAAN RASTER DALAM MERAMALKAN POTENSI TANAH RUNTUH: KAJIAN KES JALAN TAMBUNAN-RANAU, SABAH, MALAYSIA
Raster Calculation Tools for Searching Potential Landslide: Case Study Tambunan-Ranau Road, Sabah, Malaysia
- Woon Zhan Wen dan Mustapa Abd. Talip

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Mohd Hafiz Abdul Majid, Yvonne Melse Laurence, Mohammad Shaheen Khan  and Mohd Sani Sarjadi 

a Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
b Knowledge and Technology Management Division, Sabah Economic Development & Investment Authority (SEDIA), 88873, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: msani@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This report presents a study on the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Clinacanthus nutans leaves from different drying and extraction methods. The C. nutans leaves were subjected through three different drying methods: oven (40°C, 60°C and 80°C), vacuum oven and air drying. Afterwards, extraction on the dried leaves was performed using three different extraction techniques: soxhlet, maceration and ultrasoundassisted solvent extraction. Finally, total flavonoid and antioxidantactivity was determined spectrophotometrically by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method respectively. The results showed that the choice of drying and extraction methods had a significant influence on total flavonoid and antioxidant content of C. nutans extract. The combination of drying C. nutans leaves using laboratory oven at 60°C and soxhlet extraction obtained the highest amount of total flavonoid and antioxidant content at 24.53 ± 0.95 mg RU/g and 89.73 ± 4.39mg TE/ g respectively. The highest antioxidant activity for C. nutansfromair-dried samples and vacuum oven-dried samples were obtained through maceration extraction at 85.46 mg TE/ g and 83.96 mg TE/ g respectively.

KEYWORDS. Clinacanthus nutans; Drying; Extraction method; Flavonoid; Antioxidant

REFERENCES

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• Chan, E. W. C., Lye, P. Y., Eng, S. Y. & Tan, Y. P. 2013. Antioxidant properties of herbs with enhancement effects of drying treatments: A synopsis. Free Radicals and Antioxidants,
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• Huang, D., Guo, W., Gao, J., Chen, J. & Olatunji, J. O. 2015. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau ethanol extract inhibits hepatoma in mice through upregulation of the immune response. Molecules, 20, 17405-17428.
• Khoo, L. W., Mediani, A., Zolkeflee, N. K. Z., Leong, S. W., Ismail, I. S., Khatib, A., Shaari, K. & Abas, F. 2015. Phytochemical diversity of Clinacanthus nutans extracts and their bioactivity correlations elucidated by NMR based metabolomics. Phytochemistry Letters, 14, 123-133.
• Alam, A., Ferdosh, S., Ghafoor, K., Hakim, A., Juraimi, A. S., Khatib, A. & Sarker, Z. I. 2016. Clinacanthus nutans: a review of the medicinal uses, pharmacology and
  phytochemistry. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 9, 402-409.
• Anwar, F., Kalsoom, U., Sultana, B., Mushtaq, M., Mehmood, T. & Arshad, H.A. 2013. Effect of drying method and extraction solvent on the total phenolics and antioxidant activity
  of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) extracts. International Food Research Journal 20, 653-659. 
• Chan, E. W. C., Lye, P. Y., Eng, S. Y. & Tan, Y. P. 2013. Antioxidant properties of herbs with enhancement effects of drying treatments: A synopsis. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 3, 2-6.
• Chelyn, J. L., Omar, M. H., Mohd Yousof, N. S. A., Ranggasamy, R., Wasiman, M. I. & Ismail, Z. 2014. Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 6.
• Huang, D., Guo, W., Gao, J., Chen, J. & Olatunji, J. O. 2015. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau ethanol extract inhibits hepatoma in mice through upregulation of the immune response. Molecules, 20, 17405-17428.
• Khoo, L. W., Mediani, A., Zolkeflee, N. K. Z., Leong, S. W., Ismail, I. S., Khatib, A., Shaari, K. & Abas, F. 2015. Phytochemical diversity of Clinacanthus nutans extracts and their bioactivity correlations elucidated by NMR based metabolomics. Phytochemistry Letters, 14, 123-133.
• Kumar, S. 2013. Efficient Method of Storage of Dry Herbs. Journal for Drugs and Medicines, 5, A1-A3. 
• Lau, K., Lee, S. & Chin, J. 2014. Effect of the methanol leaves extract of Clinacanthus nutans on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in male mice. Journal of Acute Disease, 3, 22- 25.
• Lusia, B. M., Hasmadi, M., Zaleha, A. & Mohd Fadzelly, A. 2015. Effect of different drying methods on phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of unfermented and fermented teas from Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans Lind.) leaves. International Food Research Journal, 22.
• Mai, C. W., Yap, K. S. I., Kho, M. T., Ismail, N. H., Yusoff, K., Shaari, K., Chin, S. Y. & Lim, E. S. H. 2016. Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau Extracts: Inhibition of Cytokine Production and Toll-Like Receptor-4 Activation. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7.
• Sakdarat, S., Shuyprom, A., Pientong, C., Ekalaksananan, T. & Thongchai, S. 2009. Bioactive constituents from the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau. Bioorganic & medicinal
  chemistry, 17, 1857-1860.
• Satong-Aun, W., Assawarachan, R. & Noomhorm, A. 2011. The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on [alpha]-Mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp. Journal of Food Science and Engineering, 1, 85.
• Shim, S. Y., Aziana, I. & Khoo, B. Y. 2013. Perspective and insight on Clinacanthus nutans Lindau in traditional medicine. International Journal of Integrative Biology, 14, 7-9.
• Yvonne Melse Laurence, Mohammad Shaheen Khan and Mohd Sani Sarjadi Tu, S.-F., Liu, R. H., Cheng, Y. -B., Hsu, Y.-M., Du, Y.-C., El-Shazly, M., Wu, Y.-C. & Chang, F.-R. 2014. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Clinacanthus nutans aerial parts. Molecules, 19, 20382-20390.
• Yong, Y. K., Tan, J. J., Teh, S. S., Mah, S. H., Ee, G. C. L., Chiong, H. S. & Ahmad, Z. 2013. Clinacanthus nutans extracts are antioxidant with antiproliferative effect on cultured human cancer cell lines. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
• Zulkipli, I. N., Rajabalaya, R., Idris, A., Sulaiman, N. A. & David, S. R. 2017. Clinacanthus nutans : A Review on Ethnomedicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55, 1093-1113.

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Arman Hadi Fikri, Tan Wai Shu, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Kueh Boon Hee & Sahana Harun

Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ITBC) Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

ABSTRACT. A study on the aquatic invertebrate communities was conducted at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah, with the objectives to study (i) the diversity of aquatic invertebrates across different land use, (ii) the composition of aquatic invertebrates in different habitats and microhabitats in the stream, and (iii) the relationship between invertebrates and the water quality of the stream. Sampling was done at Sg. Lipad which flows across the secondary forest area and plantation area. Kick net method was used to sample the aquatic invertebrates for 14 continuous days in January to February 2015. A total of 3,579 individuals were sampled consisting of 76 families from eight orders, in both of the land uses. The diversity of aquatic invertebrates in the secondary forest was found to be slightly higher than plantation area with H’= 3.213 and H’= 3.188 respectively. The aquatic invertebrates were also found to be more abundant in riffle habitat, and the least in pool habitats. The diversity for pool habitat, however, was the highest among all other habitats with H’= 3.709. Both physico-chemical parameters and biotic indices indicated that the invertebrate communities were affected by the water quality in the surroundings, and may be used for rapid assessment of water quality at TWR.

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Andy R. Mojiol

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia.
(andy@ums.edu.my)

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to assess the health of main tree in the Kota Kinabalu City Centre, Sabah. In this study, principal evaluation standards were made by using visual observation of trees or Visual Tree Assessment (VTA). This study was conducted to identify any effect of damage or defect on trees via the observation of trees at their roots, stems, branches and leaves. There were five zones in the study area, namely from KK Lama and Jesselton Point (Zone 1) to Pasar Besar. The tree health parameters were evaluated from the presence of pests and diseases, trees health, foliage colour, the growth rate of trees, infections of the trees and potential failure of tree roots. In this study, nine of pathogens, pests and diseases of trees were observed, which were termites, fungi, aphid, mushrooms, epiphytes, parasites, ants, weeds and Whiteflies. This study showed that there were 23 species from the 688 stand of trees in the study area. The study found that the state average foliage colour was normal, a moderate growth rate and infection of the tree was still under controlled. The potential failure of tree root was found in low level as well. In a nutshell, the overall health of trees was found to be in good and moderate levels. This study was conducted as a reference in health detection of tree for The City Hall management (DBKK) and also as a reference for University students in conducting tree health assessment.

KEYWORDS. Tree health assessment, roadside tree, Kota Kinabalu City Centre, Sabah

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• Ebbels, D. L. (2003). Principles of Plant Health and Quarantine. CABI Publishing. Oxon. United Kingdom.
• Gilman, E.F. (1997). Trees for Urban and Suburban Landscapes. Delmer Publisher, United State of America.
• Lonsdale, D. (1999). Principle of Tree Hazard and Management. Forest Commission, Great Britain.
• Mojiol, A. R. (2018). Public Awareness on the Importance of Urban Forest Parks in Kota Kinabalu City, Sabah. Borneo Science 39 (1): March 2018.
• Mojiol, A. R. (2001). Pokok-Pokok Hiasan Bandar. Sabah. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
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• H. P. (2009). New Delhi. Management of Horticulture. Biotech Books. Tri Nagar. Delhi.

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Woon Zhan Wen dan Mustapa Abd. Talip

Program Geografi, Fakulti Kemanusiaan, Kesusasteraan dan Warisan,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
e-mel: zhanwenwoon@yahoo.com

ABSTRAK Peranti pengiraan rasteradalah satu utiliti yang sangat berguna untuk melaksanakan pelbagai tugas yang berkaitan dengan grid.Tanah runtuh adalah pergerakan jisim batuan, tanah atau debris yang menuruni cerun di bawah pengaruh graviti. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti di mana kawasan potensi berlaku tanah runtuh dengan menggunakanperanti pengiraan raster.Kajian ini telah menggunakandua parameter yang diutamakan iaitu kecerunan dan ketinggian. Berpandukan garis panduan Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan, kawasan ketinggian yang melebihi 1,000 meter dari aras laut, dan nilai kecerunan yang melebihi 35 sudut adalah dikira sebagai kawasan larangan untuk aktiviti manusia. Oleh itu, dengan menggunakan peta topografi yang telah didigitalkan (georeference)dengan menggunakan perisian ArcGIS telah membahagikan seluruh jalan kepada enam zon, dan setiap zon mempunyai 10 kilometerserta menggunakanperanti pengiraan rasteruntukmenghasilkan kawasan potensi berlakunya tanah runtuh. Hasil analisis mendapati bahawa kawasan yang berpotensi berlaku tanah runtuh adalah di kawasan Zon 4 iaitu sebanyak 0.086 peratus (0.811 km 2) yang berada di sekitar Kampung Madsangoh dan Kampung Tenompok. Dapatan kajian berdasarkan perisianArcGIS telah menyediakan data yang dalam bentuk pengiraanraster,sekaligus menghasilkan peta potensi tanah runtuh mengikut kawasan yang telah dizonkan.Hasil daripada peta terbitan (georeferenced) ini juga mampu dijadikan sumber rujukan baharu kepada pelbagai agensi dan jabatan tempatansebagai sumber rujukan serta sebagai kajian lanjutan pada masa akan datang.

KATA KUNCI Tanah Runtuh, GIS,Peranti Pengiraan Raster.

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