Volume 37, Issue 2 (Full)

Fuzzy Interpolation Rational Bicubic Bezier Surface
- Rozaimi Zakaria, Abd Fatah Wahab, R.U. Gobithaasan, Isfarita Ismail

Geological Mapping of Sabah, Malaysia, Using Airborne Gravity Survey
- Ahmad Fauzi Nordin, Hassan Jamil, Mohd Noor Isa, Azhari Mohamed, Sanudin Hj. Tahir, Baba Musta, Rene Forsberg, Arne Olesen, Emil Nielsen, Abd Majid A Kadir, Ahmad Fahmi Abd Majid, Kamaludin Talib, Saiful Aman Sulaiman

Sorption and Characterization Studies of Activated Carbon Prepared from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- Collin G. Joseph, S.M. Anisuzzaman, Pak Yan Moh, E-W Amy Lim

Fabrication and Characterization of Cu2O/ZnO Thin Films for pn Heterojunction Devices
- Azmizam Manie@mani, Saafie Salleh, Fuei Pien Chee, Afisah Alias, Saturi Baco

Mercerized Natural Cellulose Based-Solid Polymer Electrolyte
-Jahimin Asik, Fauziah Abdul Aziz, Razali Idris

MERCERIZED NATURAL CELLULOSE BASED-SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE

Jahimin Asik1, Fauziah Abdul Aziz2 and Razali Idris3
1School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
Email: jthan@ums.edu.my
2Universiti Pertahanan Malaysia
Email: afuziah@upnm.edu.my
3MARA University of Technology Perlis, Malaysia, 02600 Arau, Perlis

ABSTRACT. Cellulosic materials derived from three different types of local wood samples (sawmill woods sawdust, Acacia mangium and belian (Euxideroxilon zwagery) were extracted at atmospheric pressure using organosolv method. In an initial stage, the wood samples were delignified using peroxyacetic acid pulping to remove lignin. Then the pulp was bleached in 0.01 M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with addition of 4% hydrogen peroxide of absolute dry pulp (ODP). Conversion to alpha-cellulose or mercerized cellulose was achieved by soaking bleached cellulosic materials in 17.5% solution of NaOH for 15 minutes at 25oC. The mercerized cellulose was thoroughly washed with large amount of distilled water until pH of the filtrate reached to natural, then vacuum dried at 60oC. From Scanning electron microscope (SEM) all mercerized woods cellulose were differ in microfibril size with high irregularity observed in sawmill sawdust. Formation of cellulose II was confirmed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Ft-IR) analysis. Preparation of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane was obtained by dissolving dry mercerized cellulose in molten 1 butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl) in the presence of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) to produce a transparent solid gel film. All SPE membranes exhibit conductivity in the range of 3.6 x 10-6 to 5.7 x 10-5 Scm-1 at room temperature. It was also observed that the conductivity of the SPE is affected by the size of cellulose microfibril and type of extraction. It was then further characterized with SEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA.

KEYWORDS: Wood, Organosolv, Cellulose, mercerized, SPE, conductivity

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SORPTION AND CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARED FROM POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)

Collin G. Josepha*, S.M. Anisuzzamanb, Pak Yan Moha, E-W Amy Lima
aWater Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
bChemical Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering,
University Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +6 088 320000 ext. 2117; Fax: + 6 088 435324; e-mail: collin@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. A series of activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from cut pieces of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) via semi-carbonization followed by physical activation using a two-stage self-generated atmosphere method. The best AC was obtained by using a temperature of 700°C and 5 hours of carbonization period. The percentage yield decreased with increasing activation temperature, whereas the activation time did not have a significant effect on the yield. With a moisture content and ash content of less than 10% and 1% respectively, this material was suitable for AC production. The BET surface area was measured at 515.41 m2/g, with a Type I isotherm and an H4-type adsorption hysteresis loop concurring that the AC was a microporous solid with chemisorption properties.

KEYWORDS. Activated carbon (AC), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5- DCP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), physical activation

REFERENCES:

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  • Esfandiari, A., Kaghazchi, T. & Soleimani, M. 2012. Preparation and evaluation of activated carbons obtained by physical activation of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) wastes. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43(4): 631-637.
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  • Jagtoyen, M., Thwaites, M.J & Stencel, B. 1992. Adsorbent carbon synthesis from coals by phosphoric acid activation. Carbon 30(7): 1089-1096.
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  • Karthikeyan, S., Sivakumar, P. & Palanisamy, P.N. 2008. Novel activated carbons from agricultural wastes and their characterization. Journal of Chemistry 5(2): 409-426.
  • László, K., Bóta, A. & Nagy, L.G. 1999. Porous carbon from polymer waste materials. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 151(1): 311-320.
  • László, K. & Szùcs, A. 2001. Surface characterization of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) based activated carbon and the effect of pH on its adsorption capacity from aqueous phenol and 2,3, 4-trichlorophenol solutions. Carbon 39(13): 1945-1953.
  • Lua, A.C. & Yang, T. 2004. Effect of activation temperature on the textural and chemical properties of potassium hydroxide activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell. Journal Colloid and Interface Science 274 (2): 594-601.
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  • Nakagawa, K., Mukai, S.R. & Suzuki, T. 2003. Gas adsorption on activated carbons from PET mixtures with a metal salt. Carbon 41(4): 823-831.
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  • Sun, K. & Jian, C.J. 2010. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from rubber-seed shell by physical activation with steam. Biomass and Bioenergy 34(4): 539-544.
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GEOLOGICAL MAPPING OF SABAH, MALAYSIA, USING AIRBORNE GRAVITY SURVEY

1Ahmad Fauzi Nordin, 1Hassan Jamil, 1Mohd Noor Isa, 1Azhari Mohamed
2Sanudin Hj. Tahir, 2Baba Musta,
3Rene Forsberg, 3Arne Olesen, 3Emil Nielsen
4Abd Majid A Kadir, 4Ahmad Fahmi Abd Majid
5Kamaludin Talib, 5Saiful Aman Sulaiman
1Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 50578 Kuala Lumpur
2Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400
Kota Kinabalu,Sabah
3National Space Institute, Denmark Technical University, Copenhagen, Denmark
4Info-Geomatik, 81300 Skudai, Johor
5Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor

ABSTRACT. Airborne gravimetry is an effective tool for mapping local gravity fields using a combination of airborne sensors, aircraft and positioning systems. It is suitable for gravity surveys over difficult terrains and areas mixed with land and ocean. This paper describes the geological mapping of Sabah using airborne gravity surveys. Airborne gravity data over land areas of Sabah has been combined with the marine airborne gravity data to provide a seamless land-to-sea gravity field coverage in order to produce the geological mapping. Free-air and Bouguer anomaly maps (density 2.67 g/cm3) have been derived from the airborne data both as simple ad-hoc plots (at aircraft altitude), and as final plots from the downward continued airborne data, processed as part of the geoids determination. Data are gridded at 0.025 degree spacing which is about 2.7 km and the data resolution of the filtered airborne gravity data were 5-6 km. The airborne gravity survey database for land and marine areas has been compiled using ArcGIS geodatabase format in order to produce the update geological map of Sabah.

KEYWORDS. Airborne gravimetry, gravity field, ArcGIS, geological mapping,

REFERENCES:

  • Alberts, B.A., Ditmar, P., & Klees, R., 2007. A new methodology to process airborne gravimetry data: advances and problems. In: Tregoning P and Rizos C, (eds.). Proceedings of Dynamic Planet -Monitoring and Understanding a Dynamic Planet with Geodetic and Oceanographic Tools, volume 130 of IAG Symposia, pages 251–258, Cairns, Australia.
  • Anderson, O., 2010. Global Gravity Field Model, Technical University of Denmark. www.space.dtu.dk
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  • Forsberg, R., Olesen, A.V., & Keller, K., 1999. Airborne gravity survey of the North Greenland continental shelf. Technical Report 10, National Survey and Cadastre (KMS), Copenhagen, Denmark.
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  • Forsberg, R., 2010. Airborne Gravity Field Determination. Sciences of Geodesy I, Springer.
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  • Olesen, A.V. & Forsberg, R., 2007. Airborne scalar gravimetry for regional gravity field mapping and geoid determination. In: Harita Dergisi, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium of the International Gravity Field Service ’Gravity field of the Earth’, pages 277–282, Istanbul, Turkey.
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FUZZY INTERPOLATION RATIONAL BICUBIC BEZIER SURFACE

Rozaimi1* Zakaria, Abd Fatah2 Wahab, R.U. Gobithaasan2, Isfarita3 Ismail
1Faculty Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS),
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
2School of Informatics and Applie d Mathematics,
3Institute of Oceanography and Environment,
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia.
Corresponding author’s email: rozaimi@ums.edu.my (Tel: 088-320000 ext: 5628,Fax: 088-320223)

ABSTRACT. This paper introduces fuzzy interpolation rational bicubic Bezier surface (later known as FIRBBS) which can be used to model the fuzzy data forms after defining uncertainty data by using fuzzy set theory. The construction of FIRBBS is based on the definition of fuzzy number concept since we dealing with the real uncertainty  data form and interpolation rational bicubic Bezier surface model. Then, in order to obtain the crisp fuzzy solution, we applied the alpha-cut operation of triangular fuzzy number to reduce the fuzzy interval among those fuzzy data points(FDPs). After that, we applied defuzzification method to give us the final solution of getting single surface which also knows as crisp fuzzy solution surface. The practical example also is given which represented by figures for each processes. This practical example take the fuzzy data of lakebed modeling based on uncertainty at z-axis(depth).

KEYWORD. Fuzzy number, rational bicubic Bezier surface, interpolation, alpha-cut, defuzzification.

REFERENCES:

  • Farin, G. 1999. NURBS for Curve and Surface Design: from Projective Geometry to Practical Use. 2nd ed: AK Peters, Ltd.
  • Farin, G. 2002. Curves and Surfaces for CAGD: A Practical Guide. 5th ed. USA: Academic Press.
  • Hussain, M. Z. & Hussain, M. 2006a. Visualization of Data Subject to Positive Constraints. Journal of Information and Computing Sciene 1-2 (27):397-410.
  • Hussain, M. Z. & Hussain, M. 2006b. Visualization of Surface Data Using Rational Bicubic Spline. Journal of Mathematics 38:85-100.
  • Hussain, M. Z. & Hussain, M. 2007. Visualization of 3D data preserving convexity. Journal of Applied Mathematics & Computing 23 (1-2):397-410.
  • Klir, G. J. & B.Yuan. 1995. Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Application. New York: Prentice Hall.
  • Klir, G. J., Clair, U. S. & Yuan, B. 1997. Fuzzy Set Theory: Foundation and Application. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Sarfraz, M., Habib, Z. & Hussain, M. 1998. Piecewise interpolation for designing of parametric curves. Paper read at Proceedings of an IEEE Conference on Information Visualization, 29-31 July 1998, at London.
  • Wahab, A. F. 2008. Pemodelan Geometri Menggunakan Teori Set Kabur, School of Mathematics, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
  • Wahab, A. F. & Zakaria, R. 2015. Fuzzy tuning B-spline curve. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1691(040026).
  • Zadeh, L. 1965. Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control 8:338-353.
  • Zakaria, R. & Wahab, A. F. 2013. Fuzzy Set Theory in Modeling Uncertainty Data via Interpolation Rational Bezier Surface Function. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 7(45), 2229-2238.
  • Zakaria, R. & Wahab, A. F. 2014. Pemodelan Titik Data Kabur Teritlak. Sains Malaysiana 43 (5):799-805.
  • Zakaria, R., Wahab, A. F. & Gobithaasan, R. U. 2016. The Series of Fuzzified Fuzzy Bezier Curve. Jurnal Teknologi, 78(2-2), 103-107.
  • Zakaria, R., Wahab, A. F. & Gobithaasan, R. U. 2014. Fuzzy B-Spline Surface Modeling. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (Article ID 285045):8 Pages.
  • Zimmermann, H.-J. 1985. Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications. USA: Kluwer Academic

 

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FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Cu2O/ZnO THIN FILMS FOR pn HETEROJUNCTION DEVICES

Azmizam Manie @ Mani *, Saafie Salleh, Fuei Pien Chee, Afishah Alias & Saturi Baco
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.
*Corresponding author: azmizam.manie@yahoo.com; Tel: +6 014 874 1296

ABSTRACT. This paper described the fabrication of Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O) heterojunction thin films using RF-powered Magnetron Sputtering System. The deposition parameters were controlled to produce the films with the thicknesses in the range of 100 nm to 500 nm. During deposition, the RF power and the argon flow are fixed at 100 Watt and 10 sccm, respectively. Structural and optical properties were studied by X-Ray Diffraction Method and UV-VIS Spectrometer. The electrical properties were studied by IV SourceMeter. The grain sizes of both thin films increasing while the thickness increase. The band gap of ZnO thin films range from 3.25 eV -3.27 eV and for Cu2O thin films range from 2.00 eV – 2.15 e V. All Cu2O/ZnO thin films show ideal diode properties.

KEYWORDS: ZnO, Cu2O, thin film, heterojunction device

REFERENCES:

  • Craciun, V., Elders, J., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Geretovsky, J. & Boyd, I.W. Thin solid films 259 (1995) 1-4.
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  • Ghotbi, M. Y. “Nickel doped zinc oxide nanoparticles produced by hydrothermal decomposition of nickel-doped zinc hydroxide nitrate,” Particuology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 492–496, Aug. 2012.
  • Ievskaya, Y., Hoye, R. L. Z., Sadhanala, A., Musselman, K. P. & MacManus-Driscoll, J. L. “Fabrication of ZnO/Cu2O heterojunctions in atmospheric conditions: Improved interface quality and solar cell performance,” Solar Energy Material Solar Cells, vol. 135, pp. 43–48, 2014.
  • Lee, Y. S., Buonassisi, T. & Hardt, D. E. “Defect Engineering of Cuprous Oxide Thin-Films for Photovoltaic Applications,” 2013.
  • LI, J., Vizkelethy, G., Revesz, P. & Mayer, J. W. Journal Applied Physic 69 1020 (1991).
  • Mittiga, A., Salza, E., Sarto, F., Tucci, M. & Vasanthi, R. “Heterojunction solar cell with 2% efficiency based on a Cu2O substrate,” Appied Physic Letter, vol. 88, no. December 2005, pp. 2005–2006, 2006.
  • Nam, T., Lee, C. W., Kim, H. J. & Kim, H. “Growth Characteristics and Properties of Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) Thin Films Grown by Thermal and Plasma-enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition,” Applied Surface Science, pp. 2–7, Jan. 2014.

 

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Volume 37, Issue 1 (Full Volume)

ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Extraction Of 4H-Pyran-4-One, 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-Dihydroxy-6-Methyl-, An Alternative Antifungal Agent, From Schizophyllum commune: Optimization And Kinetic Study
Yi Peng, Teoh and Mashitah, Mat Don

Biomonitoring of Streams: Using Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) in Responses to the Different Types of Land Use at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
-  Arman Hadi Fikri, Audrey Ang Chii Shian, Sahana Harun &
Kueh Boon Hee

In Vitro Bioactivities and Phytochemicals Content of Vegetables from Sabah, Malaysia
- Jualang A. G., Adznila E., How S. E.

Chemical and Microbial Evaluation of Some Uncommon Indigenous Fruits and Nuts
- Ogwu, M. C., Osawaru, M. E. and Atsenokhai, E. I.

Growth and Yield Analysis of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) in Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Wahyudi, A. R Mojiol, Z. Muttaqin

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EXTRACTION OF 4H-PYRAN-4-ONE, 2,3- DIHYDRO -6-METHYL-, AN ALTERNATIVE ANTIFUNGAL AGENT, FROM SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE: OPTIMIZATION AND KINETIC STUDY

Yi Peng Teoh1,2* and Mashitah Mat Don1

1School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang
Perai South, Penang, Malaysia.
2Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), P.O Box 77,
D/A Pejabat Pos Besar, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
Email: teoh.yipeng@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (DDMP) was believed as a promising alternative in term antifungal activity towards fungal attack in rubberwood. Solid-liquid extraction is performed from basidiomycetes fungus Schizophyllum commune in methanol-water solvent, in order to obtain valuable antifungal agent. Statistical optimization was employed to optimize the extraction condition for maximal total flavonoid content (TFC) and DDMP productivity. The optimum conditions were 70.75% (v/v) methanol, 29 °C, and 145 rpm. The optimization studies were verified and the experimental data fitted well to the selected models with error percentage less than 1%. The extraction kinetics was then investigated using Parabolic diffusion model, Power law model, Peleg’s model, and Elovich’s model. All empirical models gave a good fit to the experimental data (R2 > 0.9), in which the Power law model having the highest R2 and lowest RMSD values.

KEYWORDS. Schizophyllum commune; total flavonoid content (TFC); 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3- dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (DDMP); optimization; extraction kinetics

 

REFERENCES.

  • Bucic-Kojic, A., Planinic, M., Tomas, S., Bilic, M. & Velic, D. 2007. Study of solid-liquid extraction kinetics of total polyphenols from grape seeds. Journal of Food Engineering 81(1): 236-242.
  • Cechovska, L., Cejpek, K., Konecny, M. & Velisek, J. 2011. On the role of 2,3-dihydro 3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl-(4H)-pyran-4-one in antioxidant capacity of prunes. European Food Research and Technology 233(3): 367-376.
  • Chan, S.W., Lee, C.Y., Yap, C.F., Wan Aida, W.M. & Ho, C.W. 2009. Optimisation of extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from limau purut (Citrus hystrix) peels. International Food Research Journal 16(2): 203-213.
  • Das K, Tiwari RKS. & Shrivastava DK. 2010. Techniques for evaluation of medicinal plant products as antimicrobial agent: current methods and future trend. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4(2): 104-111.
  • Frisvad, J.C., Andersen, B. & Thrane, U. 2008. The use of secondary metabolite profiling in chemotaxonomy of filamentous fungi. Mycological Research 112(2): 231-240.
  • Guo, C.Y., Wang, J., Hou, Y., Zhao, Y.M., Shen, L.X. & Zhang, D.S. 2013. Orthogonal test design for optimizing the extraction of total flavonoids from Inula helenium. Pharmacognosy Magazine 9(35): 192-195.
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BIOMONITORING OF STREAMS: USING EPHEMEROPTERA, PLECOPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA (EPT) IN RESPONSES TO THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND USE AT TABIN WILDLIFE RESERVE (TWR), LAHAD DATU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Arman Hadi Fikri, Audrey Ang Chii Shian, Sahana Harun & Kueh Boon Hee

Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ITBC)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS),
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia

ABSTRACT. A preliminary study on three aquatic insect orders, namely Ephemeroptera (mayfly), Plecoptera (stonefly), and Trichoptera (caddisfly) (EPT) was conducted at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah in January and February 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the composition of EPT along a stream at TWR, (ii) the distribution of EPT in each different land use at TWR, and (iii) the relationship between EPT communities and the water quality of the stream at TWR. Kick net sampling technique was used for collecting the EPT communities along Sg. Lipad of TWR. The most dominant order was Ephemeroptera consisting of 11 families with 1,354 individuals out of the total of 1,724 individuals and 26 families of EPT communities sampled. Trichoptera was the second most abundant order with nine families and 258 individuals, and lastly, Plecoptera with only six families and 112 individuals. There were more families of EPT communities distributed in secondary forest as compared to the oil palm plantation. Several exclusive families were found
in secondary forest, while only one family was found in oil palm plantation. The habitat run showed the highest in abundance of EPT, while pool recorded the least in abundance. Four biotic indices (BMWP, ASPT, FBI, and INWQS) and a few physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, conductivity, and DO) were used in this study to determine the water quality of the sampling location. Based on the biotic indices and physico-chemical parameters, the status of water in Sg. Lipad was in excellent condition. The two water quality tests showed profound consistency. This serves as a confirmation that the EPT communities are effective to be used as a biomonitoring tool at TWR.

KEYWORDS. Aquatic insects EPT physico-chemical parameters biomonitoring Sg. Lipad Tabin

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IN VITRO BIOACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICALS CONTENT OF VEGETABLES FROM SABAH, MALAYSIA

Jualang A. G.*, Adznila E., How S. E.

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*Corresponding e-mail: azlanajg@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This study aims to investigate potential of vegetables from Sabah with valueadded benefits in nutraceuticals. Fifty-five samples of vegetables were collected from local market and tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH• assay. Four species with high DPPH• scavenging activity (>80%) which are Cosmos caudatus, Eryngium foetidum, Ipomoea batatas and Manihot esculenta Crantz were selected and subjected to different solvents extraction and tested to different scavenging assays (DPPH•, O2• and NO•), protein kinasephosphatase assay (GSK-3β, MKK1, and MSG5) and antibacterial tests. Ethanol extract of I. batatas (90.56%), boiled water extract of M. esculenta Crantz (62.77%) and extractable polyphenol extract of E. foetidum (50.93%) exhibits comparable scavenging activities to catechin for DPPH•, O2• and NO•, respectively. Polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids and proanthocynidins are detected in all extracts at concentration between 0.001 mg/g to 0.52 mg/g. The highest total polyphenols content (0.40±0.01 mg GAE/g), total phenolics content (0.52±0.01 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids content (0.13±0.01 mg CE/g) and total proanthocyanidins content (0.12±0 mg CE/g) were obtained in extractable polyphenols of Cosmos caudatus. No extracts were observed as inhibitor for GSK-3β, MKK1 and MSG5. Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.0 mm to 12.3 mm) was only obtained in extractable polyphenols and ethanol extracts. Extractable polyphenols of E. foetidum exhibit the largest inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.3 mm).

KEYWORDS. Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antikinases, Antiphosphatases, Cosmos caudatus, Eryngium foetidum, Ipomoea batatas, Manihot esculenta

 

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CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SOME UNCOMMON INDIGENOUS FRUITS AND NUTS

*1,2Ogwu, M. C., 1Osawaru, M. E. and 1Atsenokhai, E. I.

1Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of
Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
2Keimyung University, Center for International Education and Development, 1095
Dalgubeol – Daero, Daegu, South Korea
*Corresponding author: matthew.ogwu@uniben.edu

ABSTRACT. Fruits and nuts are essential components of animal and human diets and desert. They represent diverse genetic resources in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Nigeria, exotic fruits are more popular as indigenous ones are largely underutilized. This study examined the chemical components of five uncommon fruits: African oil bean [Pentaclathra macrophylla, Fabaceae], Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranean, Fabaceae], African bush mango [Irvingia gabonensis, Irvingiaceae], African pear [Dacryodes edulis, Burseraceae] and Nigerian walnut [Tetracarpidium conophorum, Euphorbiaceae]. The fresh fruits/nuts were collected from parts of Edo State, Southern Nigeria. Results showed that alkaloid was present in fresh and cooked samples of walnut and pear, and only present in fresh samples of P. macrophylla and V. subterranean. Alkaloid was absent in both fresh and cooked I. gaborensis. The result of mineral composition of the samples suggests highest calcium, potassium and magnesium content was obtained in African pear and P. macrophylla for sodium, zinc and iron. Presence of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and lactic acid was confirmed in all the fruits. The highest concentration of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and lactic acid was obtained from I. gaborensis, V. subterranean, P. macrophylla and D. edulis respectively. The highest bacterial and fungal count in fresh samples was from Bambara groundnut and P. macrophylla respectively. This study has
implicated the relevance of these uncommon fruits and nuts. It is recommended therefore that their awareness should be improved in order to sustain their marketability and food use.

KEYWORDS. Tropical fruits and nuts, Underutilized fruits, Plant genetic resources, Vegetables, Phytochemicals, Nigeria

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Growth and Yield Analysis of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Wahyudi 1, A. R Mojiol 2, Z. Muttaqin 3

1Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya,
Indonesia (isanautama@yahoo.com)
2Forestry Complex, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University of Malaysia,
Sabah, Malaysia.
(armojiol@yahoo.com)
3Faculty of Forestry, Nusa Bangsa University, Bogor, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT. Sungkai (Peronema canescens) is a local commercial tree (native species) that has the potential to be developed as a plantation forest and agroforestry estate. This study aims to determine the percentage of survivality, productivity, optimum cutting cycle, and financial benefits of the Sungkai tree. The study was conducted in the people plantation, Kapuas district, Central Kalimantan Province. The research took the growth parameter of Sungkai which was grown since the year 2001 to 2013 in areas with the ultisol soil type. Data analysis has been using the average value of diameter, height and volume, annual increment (annual), the regression equation of NPV, BCR and IRR. The results showed that in 12 years the percentage of Sungkai survivality reached 89.7%, with an annual increase of 14.10 m3 ha-1 year-1 and a density of 997 trees ha-1. The Equation modelling of Sungkai plantation is y = 2.073 + 1.6623x – 0.0165×2 (R2 = 84.05%). At the level of loan interest of 9% per year, Sungkai have an economic harvest cycle of 15 years with NPV Rp. 58.49 million ha-1, BCR: 7.64 and IRR: 11.75%. Whereas, when the loan interest rate of 6% and 12% per annum, then the cutting cycle of 15 years, the NPV are to Rp. 92.65 million ha-1 and Rp. 36.6 million ha-1 respectively. In this study, Sungkai tree are very suitable to be developed in agroforestry and to increase the productivity of land such as shifting cultivation area, scrubland and low potential forest areas which were widespread, especially in Kalimantan, Borneo.

 

KEYWORDS. Sungkai, Growth and yield, mean annual increment, Peronema canescens, and economic cutting cycle, Kalimantan

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