VOLUME 39, Issue 2

CONTENT
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AND BREEDING SYSTEM OF Orthosiphon aristatus (BLUME) MIQ
- Nur Karimah Binti Mohamad, Freddy Kuok San, Yeo*, Wi Soon See, Wei Hong Lay & Cheksum @ Supiah Binti Tawan

TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITYBY DIFFERENT DRYINGAND EXTRACTION METHODS OF Clinacanthus nutans LEAVES
- Mohd Hafiz Abdul Majid, Yvonne Melse Laurencea, Mohammad Shaheen Khan and Mohd Sani Sarjadi

THE AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES ASSEMBLAGES RESPONSES TO WATERSHED LAND USE IN TABIN WILDLIFE RESERVE (TWR), LAHAD DATU, SABAH, MALAYSIA
- Arman Hadi Fikri, Tan Wai Shu, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Kueh Boon Hee & Sahana Harun

TREE HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR ROADSIDE TREE IN KOTA KINABALU CITY CENTRE, SABAH
- Andy R. Mojiol

PERANTI PENGIRAAN RASTER DALAM MERAMALKAN POTENSI TANAH RUNTUH: KAJIAN KES JALAN TAMBUNAN-RANAU, SABAH, MALAYSIA
Raster Calculation Tools for Searching Potential Landslide: Case Study Tambunan-Ranau Road, Sabah, Malaysia
- Woon Zhan Wen dan Mustapa Abd. Talip

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AND BREEDING SYSTEM OF Orthosiphon aristatus (BLUME) MIQ

Nur Karimah Binti Mohamad, Freddy Kuok San, Yeo*, Wi Soon See, Wei Hong Lay & Cheksum @ Supiah Binti Tawan
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: yksfreddy@unimas.my

ABSTRACT. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. belongs to the family Lamiaceae. There are two varieties, white corolla (OAV-1) and purple corolla (OAV-2) varieties. An observation on inflorescence and flower development of O. aristatus was conducted alongside with the study on its breeding system. Inflorescence of OAV-1 and OAV-2 varieties started to develop approximately two and a half months after transplanting the rooted cuttings. The initiation of inflorescence until the senescence took about 75 days. Flower buds started to appear on the inflorescence approximately after 17 days of the commencement of inflorescence development. The development from flower bud until flower senescence took around 50 days. The artificial pollination tests, however, suggested that O. aristatus is predominantly a self-pollinated species.

KEYWORD. Orthosiphon aristatus, floral biology, artificial pollination

 

REFERENCES

  • Abrol, D. P. 2011. Pollination biology: biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Adnyana, I. K., Setiawan, F. & Insanu, M. 2013. From ethnopharmacology to clinical study of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. studies 1. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences: 5(3): 66-73.
  • Ahamed Basheer, M. K. & Abdul Majid, A. M. S. 2010. Medicinal potentials of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. WebmedCentral CANCER 1:WMC001361
  • Almatar, M., Rahmat, Z. & Salleh, F. M. 2013. Preliminary morphological and anatomical study of Orthosiphon stamineus. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research: 1:1 -6.
  • Ameer, O. Z., Salman, I. M., Asmawi, M. Z., Ibraheem, Z. O. & Yam, M. F. (2012). Orthosiphon stamineus: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Journal of medicinal food: 15:678-690
  • Chan, L. K. & Loo, P. S. 2006. Morphological similarities and differences between the two varieties of cats whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.) grown in Malaysia. International Journal of Botany: 2(1):1 -6
  • Frankel, R. & Galun, E. 2012. Pollination mechanisms, reproduction and plant breeding. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Hirota, S. K., Nitta, K. Kim., Y., Kato, A., Kawakubo, N., Yasumoto, A. A. & Yahara, T. 2012. Relative Role of Flower Color and Scent on Pollinator Attraction: Experimental Tests using F1 and F2 Hybrids of Daylily and Nightlily. PLOS ONE 7:e39010
  • Lee, W. 2004. Micropropagation and cell culture of misai kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth) and detection of rosmarinic acid in the in vitro cultures. M. Sc. thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Malaysia Herbal Monograph Committee. 2009. Malaysian Herbal Monograph. Forest Research Institute Malaysia
  • Pathirana, R. 1994. Natural Cross-Pollination in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Plant Breeding: 112:167-170
  • van der Pijl, L. 1972. Functional considerations and observations on the flowers of some Labiatae. Blumea-Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants: 20:93-103.
  • Weiss, E. 1971. Castor, sesame and safflower. London:Leonard Hill

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TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITYBY DIFFERENT DRYING AND EXTRACTION METHODS OF Clinacanthus nutans LEAVES

Mohd Hafiz Abdul Majid, Yvonne Melse Laurence, Mohammad Shaheen Khan  and Mohd Sani Sarjadi 

a Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
b Knowledge and Technology Management Division, Sabah Economic Development & Investment Authority (SEDIA), 88873, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: msani@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This report presents a study on the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Clinacanthus nutans leaves from different drying and extraction methods. The C. nutans leaves were subjected through three different drying methods: oven (40°C, 60°C and 80°C), vacuum oven and air drying. Afterwards, extraction on the dried leaves was performed using three different extraction techniques: soxhlet, maceration and ultrasoundassisted solvent extraction. Finally, total flavonoid and antioxidantactivity was determined spectrophotometrically by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method respectively. The results showed that the choice of drying and extraction methods had a significant influence on total flavonoid and antioxidant content of C. nutans extract. The combination of drying C. nutans leaves using laboratory oven at 60°C and soxhlet extraction obtained the highest amount of total flavonoid and antioxidant content at 24.53 ± 0.95 mg RU/g and 89.73 ± 4.39mg TE/ g respectively. The highest antioxidant activity for C. nutansfromair-dried samples and vacuum oven-dried samples were obtained through maceration extraction at 85.46 mg TE/ g and 83.96 mg TE/ g respectively.

KEYWORDS. Clinacanthus nutans; Drying; Extraction method; Flavonoid; Antioxidant

REFERENCES

  • Alam, A., Ferdosh, S., Ghafoor, K., Hakim, A., Juraimi, A. S., Khatib, A. & Sarker, Z. I. 2016. Clinacanthus nutans: a review of the medicinal uses, pharmacology and phytochemistry. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 9, 402-409.
  • Anwar, F., Kalsoom, U., Sultana, B., Mushtaq, M., Mehmood, T. & Arshad, H.A. 2013. Effect of drying method and extraction solvent on the total phenolics and antioxidant activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) extracts. International Food Research Journal 20, 653-659.
  • Chan, E. W. C., Lye, P. Y., Eng, S. Y. & Tan, Y. P. 2013. Antioxidant properties of herbs with enhancement effects of drying treatments: A synopsis. Free Radicals and Antioxidants,
    3, 2-6. 
  • Chelyn, J. L., Omar, M. H., Mohd Yousof, N. S. A., Ranggasamy, R., Wasiman, M. I. & Ismail, Z. 2014. Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD. The Scientific World Journal, 20146.
  • Huang, D., Guo, W., Gao, J., Chen, J. & Olatunji, J. O. 2015. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau ethanol extract inhibits hepatoma in mice through upregulation of the immune response. Molecules, 20, 17405-17428.
  • Khoo, L. W., Mediani, A., Zolkeflee, N. K. Z., Leong, S. W., Ismail, I. S., Khatib, A., Shaari, K. & Abas, F. 2015. Phytochemical diversity of Clinacanthus nutans extracts and their bioactivity correlations elucidated by NMR based metabolomics. Phytochemistry Letters, 14, 123-133.
  • Alam, A., Ferdosh, S., Ghafoor, K., Hakim, A., Juraimi, A. S., Khatib, A. & Sarker, Z. I. 2016. Clinacanthus nutans: a review of the medicinal uses, pharmacology and
    phytochemistry. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 9, 402-409.
  • Anwar, F., Kalsoom, U., Sultana, B., Mushtaq, M., Mehmood, T. & Arshad, H.A. 2013. Effect of drying method and extraction solvent on the total phenolics and antioxidant activity
    of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) extracts. International Food Research Journal 20, 653-659. 
  • Chan, E. W. C., Lye, P. Y., Eng, S. Y. & Tan, Y. P. 2013. Antioxidant properties of herbs with enhancement effects of drying treatments: A synopsis. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 3, 2-6.
  • Chelyn, J. L., Omar, M. H., Mohd Yousof, N. S. A., Ranggasamy, R., Wasiman, M. I. & Ismail, Z. 2014. Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD. The Scientific World Journal, 20146.
  • Huang, D., Guo, W., Gao, J., Chen, J. & Olatunji, J. O. 2015. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau ethanol extract inhibits hepatoma in mice through upregulation of the immune response. Molecules, 20, 17405-17428.
  • Khoo, L. W., Mediani, A., Zolkeflee, N. K. Z., Leong, S. W., Ismail, I. S., Khatib, A., Shaari, K. & Abas, F. 2015. Phytochemical diversity of Clinacanthus nutans extracts and their bioactivity correlations elucidated by NMR based metabolomics. Phytochemistry Letters, 14, 123-133.
  • Kumar, S. 2013. Efficient Method of Storage of Dry Herbs. Journal for Drugs and Medicines, 5, A1-A3. 
  • Lau, K., Lee, S. & Chin, J. 2014. Effect of the methanol leaves extract of Clinacanthus nutans on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in male mice. Journal of Acute Disease, 3, 22- 25.
  • Lusia, B. M., Hasmadi, M., Zaleha, A. & Mohd Fadzelly, A. 2015. Effect of different drying methods on phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of unfermented and fermented teas from Sabah Snake Grass (Clinacanthus nutans Lind.) leaves. International Food Research Journal, 22.
  • Mai, C. W., Yap, K. S. I., Kho, M. T., Ismail, N. H., Yusoff, K., Shaari, K., Chin, S. Y. & Lim, E. S. H. 2016. Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau Extracts: Inhibition of Cytokine Production and Toll-Like Receptor-4 Activation. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7.
  • Sakdarat, S., Shuyprom, A., Pientong, C., Ekalaksananan, T. & Thongchai, S. 2009. Bioactive constituents from the leaves of Clinacanthus nutans Lindau. Bioorganic & medicinal
    chemistry, 17, 1857-1860.
  • Satong-Aun, W., Assawarachan, R. & Noomhorm, A. 2011. The Influence of Drying Temperature and Extraction Methods on [alpha]-Mangostin in Mangosteen Pericarp. Journal of Food Science and Engineering, 1, 85.
  • Shim, S. Y., Aziana, I. & Khoo, B. Y. 2013. Perspective and insight on Clinacanthus nutans Lindau in traditional medicine. International Journal of Integrative Biology, 14, 7-9.
  • Yvonne Melse Laurence, Mohammad Shaheen Khan and Mohd Sani Sarjadi Tu, S.-F., Liu, R. H., Cheng, Y. -B., Hsu, Y.-M., Du, Y.-C., El-Shazly, M., Wu, Y.-C. & Chang, F.-R. 2014. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Clinacanthus nutans aerial parts. Molecules, 19, 20382-20390.
  • Yong, Y. K., Tan, J. J., Teh, S. S., Mah, S. H., Ee, G. C. L., Chiong, H. S. & Ahmad, Z. 2013. Clinacanthus nutans extracts are antioxidant with antiproliferative effect on cultured human cancer cell lines. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
  • Zulkipli, I. N., Rajabalaya, R., Idris, A., Sulaiman, N. A. & David, S. R. 2017. Clinacanthus nutans : A Review on Ethnomedicinal Uses, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Properties. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55, 1093-1113.

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THE AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES ASSEMBLAGES RESPONSES TO WATERSHED LAND USE IN TABIN WILDLIFE RESERVE (TWR), LAHAD DATU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Arman Hadi Fikri, Tan Wai Shu, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Kueh Boon Hee & Sahana Harun

Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ITBC) Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

ABSTRACT. A study on the aquatic invertebrate communities was conducted at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah, with the objectives to study (i) the diversity of aquatic invertebrates across different land use, (ii) the composition of aquatic invertebrates in different habitats and microhabitats in the stream, and (iii) the relationship between invertebrates and the water quality of the stream. Sampling was done at Sg. Lipad which flows across the secondary forest area and plantation area. Kick net method was used to sample the aquatic invertebrates for 14 continuous days in January to February 2015. A total of 3,579 individuals were sampled consisting of 76 families from eight orders, in both of the land uses. The diversity of aquatic invertebrates in the secondary forest was found to be slightly higher than plantation area with H’= 3.213 and H’= 3.188 respectively. The aquatic invertebrates were also found to be more abundant in riffle habitat, and the least in pool habitats. The diversity for pool habitat, however, was the highest among all other habitats with H’= 3.709. Both physico-chemical parameters and biotic indices indicated that the invertebrate communities were affected by the water quality in the surroundings, and may be used for rapid assessment of water quality at TWR.

 

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TREE HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR ROADSIDE TREE IN KOTA KINABALU CITY CENTRE, SABAH

Andy R. Mojiol

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia.
(andy@ums.edu.my)

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to assess the health of main tree in the Kota Kinabalu City Centre, Sabah. In this study, principal evaluation standards were made by using visual observation of trees or Visual Tree Assessment (VTA). This study was conducted to identify any effect of damage or defect on trees via the observation of trees at their roots, stems, branches and leaves. There were five zones in the study area, namely from KK Lama and Jesselton Point (Zone 1) to Pasar Besar. The tree health parameters were evaluated from the presence of pests and diseases, trees health, foliage colour, the growth rate of trees, infections of the trees and potential failure of tree roots. In this study, nine of pathogens, pests and diseases of trees were observed, which were termites, fungi, aphid, mushrooms, epiphytes, parasites, ants, weeds and Whiteflies. This study showed that there were 23 species from the 688 stand of trees in the study area. The study found that the state average foliage colour was normal, a moderate growth rate and infection of the tree was still under controlled. The potential failure of tree root was found in low level as well. In a nutshell, the overall health of trees was found to be in good and moderate levels. This study was conducted as a reference in health detection of tree for The City Hall management (DBKK) and also as a reference for University students in conducting tree health assessment.

KEYWORDS. Tree health assessment, roadside tree, Kota Kinabalu City Centre, Sabah

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  • Mojiol, A. R. (2001). Pokok-Pokok Hiasan Bandar. Sabah. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
  • Mojiol, A. R. and Maznah. M. (2000). Penyelenggaraan Pokok-Pokok Bandar. Sabah. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
  • Robert, W. M. (1996). Urban Forestry: Planning and Managing Urban Greenspaces. 2nd Edition. United State of America. Stuckey,
  • H. P. (2009). New Delhi. Management of Horticulture. Biotech Books. Tri Nagar. Delhi.

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PERANTI PENGIRAAN RASTER DALAM MERAMALKAN POTENSI TANAH RUNTUH: KAJIAN KES JALAN TAMBUNAN-RANAU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Woon Zhan Wen dan Mustapa Abd. Talip

Program Geografi, Fakulti Kemanusiaan, Kesusasteraan dan Warisan,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
e-mel: zhanwenwoon@yahoo.com

ABSTRAK Peranti pengiraan rasteradalah satu utiliti yang sangat berguna untuk melaksanakan pelbagai tugas yang berkaitan dengan grid.Tanah runtuh adalah pergerakan jisim batuan, tanah atau debris yang menuruni cerun di bawah pengaruh graviti. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti di mana kawasan potensi berlaku tanah runtuh dengan menggunakanperanti pengiraan raster.Kajian ini telah menggunakandua parameter yang diutamakan iaitu kecerunan dan ketinggian. Berpandukan garis panduan Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan, kawasan ketinggian yang melebihi 1,000 meter dari aras laut, dan nilai kecerunan yang melebihi 35 sudut adalah dikira sebagai kawasan larangan untuk aktiviti manusia. Oleh itu, dengan menggunakan peta topografi yang telah didigitalkan (georeference)dengan menggunakan perisian ArcGIS telah membahagikan seluruh jalan kepada enam zon, dan setiap zon mempunyai 10 kilometerserta menggunakanperanti pengiraan rasteruntukmenghasilkan kawasan potensi berlakunya tanah runtuh. Hasil analisis mendapati bahawa kawasan yang berpotensi berlaku tanah runtuh adalah di kawasan Zon 4 iaitu sebanyak 0.086 peratus (0.811 km 2) yang berada di sekitar Kampung Madsangoh dan Kampung Tenompok. Dapatan kajian berdasarkan perisianArcGIS telah menyediakan data yang dalam bentuk pengiraanraster,sekaligus menghasilkan peta potensi tanah runtuh mengikut kawasan yang telah dizonkan.Hasil daripada peta terbitan (georeferenced) ini juga mampu dijadikan sumber rujukan baharu kepada pelbagai agensi dan jabatan tempatansebagai sumber rujukan serta sebagai kajian lanjutan pada masa akan datang.

KATA KUNCI Tanah Runtuh, GIS,Peranti Pengiraan Raster.

RUJUKAN

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VOLUME 39, Issue 1

CONTENT
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

KARYOTYPES OF FRUIT BATS (CHIROPTERA, PTEROPODIDAE) AND RATS (RODENTIA, MURIDAE) FROM Mt. BAWAKARAENG, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Husni Mubarok, Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah and Ibnu Maryanto

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL INDICES ASSESSMENT IN THE SERUM AND LIVER OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS JUVENILES EXPOSED TO VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION OF CRUDE OIL
Olumide Isaac Fakolujo1, Henry Adefisayo Adewole2Efere Martins Obuotor3, and Victor Folorunsho Olaleye2*

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF POLYPHENOL OF Moringa oleifera LEAVES AND POLYPHENOL GLYCOSIDE CATALYZED BY TRANSGLYCOSYLATION OF Trichoderma viride
Joko Sulistyo*and Sohaib Nazir

PUBLIC AWARENESS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF URBAN FOREST PARKS IN KOTA KINABALU CITY, SABAH
Andy R. Mojiol

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FROG SPECIES AT STREAMS, RIDGES AND DISTURBED HABITATS IN BASE CAMP AND PADANG POINT, GAYA ISLAND
Jephte Sompud1*, Emily A. Gilbert1, Chirra Snoriana Mobik1, and Paul Yambun

 

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FROG SPECIES AT STREAMS, RIDGES AND DISTURBED HABITATS IN BASE CAMP AND PADANG POINT, GAYA ISLAND

Jephte Sompud1*, Emily A. Gilbert1, Chirra Snoriana
Mobik1, and Paul Yambun2

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia.
E-mail: jephte@ums.edu.my

2Research and Education Division, Zoology Unit, Kinabalu Park, P.O. Box 10626, Kota Kinabalu 88806, Sabah, Malaysia

 

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify the species offrogs that can be found at streams, ridges and disturbed habitats of Gaya Island. Field sampling was carried out for 16 nights consecutively starting from 18thJanuary until 3rd February 2013. This research was conducted using the standard method of Visual Encounter Survey. The sampling effort for this study was 53 hours. Six sites representing three different frogs’ habitats were selected, namely streams, ridges and disturbed areas. The transect line with dimensions of 10m x 100m was used for the sampling survey. The results show that there were five species of frogs from two families that were present in Gaya Island. The five species were Inger’s dwarf frog (Ingerana baluensis), Grass frog (Fejervarya limnocharis), Mangrove frog (Fejervarya cancrivora), Green paddy frog (Hylarana erythraea) and Dark-eared tree frog (Polypedates macrotis). The highest number of frogs caught was in the stream area, consisting of 69 individuals, followed by 18 individuals at the disturbed area and two individuals at the ridges. This preliminary study indicated that there was a relationship between frog species diversity with the variety of the habitat sites. These findings present a baseline data for the frog species in Gaya Island. Future studies should be encouraged in order to have an in-depth understanding of the frogs’ natural habitats in Gaya Island.

KEYWORDS. Frogs, Gaya Island, North Borneo, Sabah, Species diversity.

 

REFERENCES

  • Arneson, N. 2013. Amphibian community composition and its relationship to salinity along the Salt Creek in Wilderness Park, Lancaster County, Nebraska. Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Thesis. Paper 114.
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  • Sompud, J., Immit, A.R. & Lakim, M. 2013. The preliminary Survey of Avifauna in Gaya Island, Sabah, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 65(4), pp. 295-299
  • Sompud, J., Igau, O. A., Mojiol, A.I., Gilbert, E.A., Mobik, C.S., Megat Amir & Mohd HIsyamuddin K. 2016. Impacts of Development on Avifauna at Gaya Island, Sabah, Malaysia. Sabah Parks Nature Journal, 10, pp. 9-14.
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PUBLIC AWARENESS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF URBAN FOREST PARKS IN KOTA KINABALU CITY, SABAH

Andy R. Mojiol
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia.

Email : andy@ums.edu.my

 

ABSTRACT Kota Kinabalu City has several urban parks, which has become the centre of urban green space. However the function of the urban park is still not fully recognized. In addition, the enlightenment concept of urban forestry is still unclear in view of the public. This study aims to provide an assessment of the functions of each park in the city of Kota Kinabalu via public perception. Furthermore, it also aims to identify on public awareness about urban forestry concept. There are eight parks that were selected as the location of the study. The Parks comprise ofpublic and pocket parks that are maintained solely by the Kota Kinabalu City Hall. The sampling method used in this study is convenience sampling with questionnaires involving 160 respondents, of whom the target group are the park visitors. The results of the study show a total of 153 (95.6%) respondents agreed that each park has distinct and separated functions. It also shows that urban parks such as Prince Philip Public Park, Teluk Likas Park, Tun Fuad Stephen Public Park, and Ujana Rimba Public Park have recreation as the main function, meanwhile Tugu Petagas Public Park, Kampung Air Pocket Park, and Lintasan Deasoka Pocket Park have aesthetic as the main function, whilst the Signal Hill Park is found to serve as soil erosion control. In addition, a total of 123 (76.9%) of respondents understood the concept of urban forestry as planning and management of trees in urban area. As a conclusion, recreation and aesthetic are the main functions for all of the selected urban parks in the city of Kota Kinabalu city. Besides that, it is found that most of the public are aware of the existence ofurban forest concept in the city of Kota Kinabalu.

KEYWORDS. Public awareness, urban forest park, urban forest, and Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

 

REFERENCES

  • Adi Rahman (2002). Kesedaran Penduduk Kota Kinabalu Terhadap Konsep Bandaraya Taman Tropika. Tidak diterbitkan. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
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ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF POLYPHENOL OF Moringa oleifera LEAVES AND POLYPHENOL GLYCOSIDE CATALYZED BY TRANSGLYCOSYLATION OF Trichoderma viride

Joko Sulistyo*and Sohaib Nazir
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah Jalan UMS 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Corresponding author; Tel.; +6088-320000; Fax : +6088320259 E-mail; jokosulistyo@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Purpose of this study was to synthesize polyphenol glycoside as transfer products that may have some biological activities, by application of transglycosylation reaction in the present of polyphenolic compound which was extracted from Moringa oleifera leaves as its acceptor and different flours as its substrate for the transglycosylation. The reaction was catalyzed by glucosyltransferase derived from fungal culture of Trichoderma viridae as a source of crude enzyme. The formation of transfer products was determined using TLC and HPLC which exhibited that polyphenol glycoside could be synthesized through the enzymatic reaction. The study had shown that substrates such as starch, maltodexrin, corn flour, wheat flour, rice flour and cassava flour were also as potential substrates to synthesis the polyphenol glycoside in the presence of polyphenolic extract as acceptor. The result of HPLC analysis presented that the isolated glycosides had retention times and concentration of 1.446 (0.0017 mg/ml), 1.431 (0.14mg/ml), and 1.474 (0.012mg/ml), respectively, as compared to the retention time of arbutin (1.474) that was applied as authentic standard. Observation using 1H NMR as well as 13C NMR showed that structures of the transfer products were identified as gallic acid- 4-O-β-glucopyranoside, ellagic acid-4-O-β-glucopyranoside, and catechin-4’-O-gluco pyranoside, respectively. IC50 value of EAGP for DPPH was 46.12µg/ml as compared to ascorbic acid (35.96µg/ml), BHT (39.73µg/ml) and α-tocopherol (42.62µg/ml) respectively, while IC50 value ofEAGP for ABTS was 64.01µg/ml as compared to ascorbic acid (30.13µg/ml), BHT (38.09µg/ml) and α-tocopherol (54.84µg/ml) respectively, whilst IC50 value of EAGP for H2O2 was found to be 51.90µg/ml while for BHT, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol were 44.18µg/ml, 47.18µg/ml, and 49.57µg/ml, respectively.

 

KEYWORDS. Trichoderma viridae, transglycosylation, Moringa oleifera, polyphenol

 

 

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  • Alhakmani, F., Kumar, S. and Khan, S.A. (2013). Estimation of total phenolic content, in– vitro antioxidant and anti–inflammatory activity of flowers of Moringa oleifera. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3: 623–627.
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  • Moyo, B., Masika, P.J., Mar, L.J., Hugo, A. and Muchenje, V. (2011). Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 12,925–12,933.
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  • Satoh, T., Miyataka, H., Yamamoto, K. and Hirano, T. (2001). Synthesis and Physiological Activity of Novel Tocopheryl Glycosides. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 49: 948–953.
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GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL INDICES ASSESSMENT IN THE SERUM AND LIVER OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS JUVENILES EXPOSED TO VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER SOLUBLE FRACTION OF CRUDE OIL

Olumide Isaac Fakolujo1, Henry Adefisayo Adewole2Efere Martins Obuotor3, and Victor Folorunsho Olaleye2*
1Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
2Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: volaleye@oauife.edu.ng; +234-803-404-5185

 

ABSTRACT. The effect of varying concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.05 and 1.0% v/v) of water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil on the growth performance and biochemical changes in the serum and liver of 144 Clarias gariepinus Juveniles stocked into 12 glass aquaria at the rate of 12 fish per tank in triplicate for 90 days was assessed. The growth performance indices of the fish juvenile over the 90 days of toxic exposure revealed that the mean weight gained, specific growth rate, and total feed intake of the fish specimen decreases with increase concentration of the WSF of crude oil. However, 10% and 20% mortality were recorded in the fish exposed to 0.5% and 1.0% WSF of crude oil respectively. The activity of ALT and AST in the serum of the fish were significantly higher (p<0.05) with the increased concentration of WSF of crude oil while the ALT and AST activity of the liver of the fish juveniles irrespective of the added concentration of WSF of crude oil showed no significant differences (p>0.05). The study concluded that WSF of crude oil had adverse effects on the growth performance, blood serum and liver activities in C. gariepinus juveniles.


KEYWORDS
. Crude oil, Growth performance, Serum, Enzymes, Fish, Pollution

 

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KARYOTYPES OF FRUIT BATS (CHIROPTERA, PTEROPODIDAE) AND RATS (RODENTIA, MURIDAE) FROM Mt. BAWAKARAENG, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA

Husni Mubarok, Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah and Ibnu Maryanto
1Bogor Agricultural University, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, W1L5, Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia
2Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Zoology Division, Research Center for Biology, J1. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia Corresponding author; Dyah Perwistasari-Farajallah, Cell; +62 89638616507,

Email; navy.rock@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. This study aims to analyze karyotypes of Sulawesi’s small mammals with Giemsa banding technique. Five fruit bats species (Boneia bidens, Dobsonia viridis, Styloctenium wallacei, Thoopterus nigrescens, Thoopterus suhaniahae) and eight rat species (Bunomys andrewsi, Bunomys chrysocomus, Bunomys heinrichi, Paruromys sp., Rattus dommermani, Rattus exulans, Rattus hoffmanni, Taeromys celebensis) from Mt. Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi were analyzed. Karyotypes of three species in this study were described for the first time. There were two species of bats and one species of rats showed the best of karyotypes. B. bidens has 2n = 30, FN = 53, FNa = 50, sub metacentric and telocentric for X and Y chromosomes respectively. T. suhaniahae has 2n = 38, FN = 64, FNa = 60 and metacentric X chromosomes. R. hoffmanni has 2n = 44, FN = 61, FNa = 59 and telosentric X chromosomes.

KEYWORD. Karyotypes, 2n, FN, Metacentric, Telocentric

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