RADIOLARIA KAPUR DALAM KOMPLEKS OFIOLIT TELUK DARVEL DI SUNGAI SIPIT LAHUNDAI, KUNAK, SABAH

ABSTRAK. Kompeks Ofiolit Teluk Darvel merupakan unit batuan yang terdiri daripada sekutuan batuan volkano mafik dan ultramafik yang ditindih oleh lapisan rijang. Lapisan rijangnya mempunyai kelimpahan radiolaria dikenali sebagai radiolarit yang ditemui di Sungai Sipit Lahundai, 22 kilometer daripada Pekan Kunak, Sabah. Sepuluh sampel telah dipungut dan diproses mengikut kaedah mikroplaeontologi. Spesimen pilihan yang baik pengawetannya diambil gambar foto dengan menggunakan mikroskop pengimbas elektron. Sebanyak 36 spesies radiolaria telah dikenalpasti dan hanya 25 spesies pilihan sahaja digunakan untuk menentukan usia rijang dan dikelaskan kepada tiga himpunan (I-III). Himpunan I ditandakan dengan kehadiran Stichomitra simplex yang menunjukka usia Aptian hingga Albian. Spesies lain dalam himpunan ini ialah Crucella bossoensis, Hiscocapsa asseni, Obeliscoites vinassai, Stichomitra communis, Xitus spicularius, Tiactoma cellulosa, dan Dactyliosphaera maxima. Himpunan II terdiri daripada spesies Dictyomitra gracilis, Xitus mclaughlini, Torculum coronatum, Pessagnobrachia fabianii, Sciadiocapsa speciosa, Crucella cahensis, Tuguriella pagoda, Dictyomitra farmosa, Acaeniotyle rebellis, Pseudoaulophacus putahensis dan Pseudodicytomitra tiara. Himpunan ini diwakili oleh kehadiran penanda zon Xitus mclaughlini yang berusia Albian hingga Cenomanian. Himpunan III pula terdiri daripada Stichomitra stocki, Pseudotheocampe tina, Ultranapora cretacea, Alievium superbum, dan Dictyomitra multicostata. Himpunan ini dicirikan oleh kewujudan penanda zon Crucella cahensis yang menunjukkan usia Turonian. Himpunan ini membuktikan bahawa usia rijang tersebut adalah Aptian hingga Turonian. Sekutuan batuan daripada Kompleks ini dikelaskan sebagai sekutuan ofiolit iaitu jujukan ofiolit yang membentuk kerak lautan.

KATA KUNCI: Radiolaria; Kapur; Kompleks Ofiolit Teluk Darvel; Sungai Sipit Lahundai

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DETECTION OF MEAT CONTAMINANTS IN PROCESSED MEATS USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMANALYSIS

ABSTRACT. A method based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analyses to determine the identities of meats species in meat products was assessed. Raw meat (control) and processed meat samples wereanalyzed bytargeting their cytochrome b gene. Universal primers, cytb1 and cytb2 amplified a fragment of the cytochrome b gene of approximately 360bp. The cytochrome b fragmentsdisplayed meat species-specific RFLP profiles when digested separately with restriction endonucleases RsaI, BsaJI, BstNI, AluI, TaqI, NsiI and BstUI. The identity of a meat was resolved by comparing the RFLP pattern of the processed meat to the RFLP profiles of the raw meats (control standards). The RFLP analysis showed that the processed beef products were contaminated with chicken while the processed chicken products were free from contaminant.

KEYWORDS.Cytochrome b gene; PCR-RFLP, amplicon

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STUDY ON MAGNETIC PROPERTIES, MINERALOGY AND HEAVY METALS CONTENT OF SOIL AND CONCRETION

ABSTRACT. This paper presents the magnetic properties, mineralogy and heavy metals content of
soil and concretion samples taken from areas of Kundasang (K-S1 and K-C1) and Ranau (R-S2 and
R-C2), Sabah. Samples were extracted by a U-formed magnet with strength of 780 Gauss to isolate
the magnetic particles and later characterized using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD), and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) techniques.

KEYWORDS: concretion, pseudo-single domain, hematite, heavy metals.

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GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMATION METHOD FOR HIGHER ORDER OF LINEAR BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

ABSTRACT. In this paper, we propose the generalization of differential transformation method to solve higher order of linear boundary value problem. Previous studies show that the differential transformation method is a powerful method to solve several lower order linear boundary value problems. In our study, we generalized the method so that one can solve n-th order boundary value problems with m-th order linear differential equation for m > n, m < n or m = n . To illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method, we provide several numerical examples and we compare the results with the exact solutions. The comparisons demonstrate the proposed method has high accuracy.

KEYWORDS. Differential transformation method; boundary value problems; linear differential equations.

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WATER ADSORPTION CAPACITY OF PALM KERNEL CAKE

ABSTRACT. The role of water in solid state fermentation of Palm Kernel Cake is a critical factor Water adsorption properties of Palm Kernel Cake were determined using a packed bed adsorption column. Effect of air flow rate, particle size and relative humidity ware studied. Adsorption isotherms that best fits the experimental data were determined for PKC with particle sizes of 455μm and 855μm.

KEYWORDS. Adsorption isotherms, Palm kernel cake, relative humidity, Water content

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SCREENING OF MICROORGANISMS FOR BETA-MANNANASE PRODUCTION IN SOLID STATE FERMENTATION

ABSTRACT. A total of 15 strains were isolated and screened for beta-mannanase production at temperatures of 30, 45, and 65 °C in solid state fermentation using palm kernel cake (PKC) as substrate. The operating conditions were 20 % of inoculum, 110 % moisture content, pH 7.0, and PKC particle size 0.85 mm. At different temperatures, the highest beta-mannanase producers were identified: at 30 °C, isolate TW1 with 339.96 U/g dry PKC at 120 h; at 45 °C, isolate S51 with 73.03 U/g dry PKC at 12 h; at 65 °C, isolate GJ1-2 with 7.63 U/g dry PKC at 72 h. Isolate TW1 appeared to produce the highest enzyme activity when compared relatively with the other strains, and was selected for further investigation.

KEYWORDS: Beta-mannanase, palm kernel cake, screening, solid state fermentation

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A STUDY ON THE BACTERIAL STRAIN BRI 1 AS A CHITINOLYTIC MICROORGANISM ISOLATED FROM MANGROVE SOIL

ABSTRACT. Sabah with its mega-biodiversity is believed to harbour various chitinolytic microorganisms which exhibit optimal chitinase activities at the local ambiance. Bacterial strain BRI 1 was recovered from mangrove soil in Kota Belud, Sabah using Chitinase Detection Agar, pH6.5. The strain BRI 1 was placed under the genus Streptomyces as its physical morphology showed typical streptomycete appearance on solid medium. This was further supported with the analysis of its amplified ~1.5kb 16S rDNA fragment in which it showed close relation to Streptomyces sp.Amplification of family 18 chitinase gene generated an amplicon of 397 bp. Similarly, amplification of family 19 chitinase gene resulted in 342 bp amplicon. Chitinase identity of both amplicons were confirmed in which they showed similarity to chitinase genes from Streptomyces sp.. Crude chitinase activity of BRI 1 showed 8.61 Unit, a three-fold higher than the activity exhibited by Streptomyces griseus which only showed 2.54 U in a triplicate assay using chitin azure as enzymatic substrate. The data resulted in this report serve as a platform for further investigations involving characterization of the chitinases and manipulation of the chitinase genes.

KEYWORDS. Streptomyces, chitinase gene, chitin azure.

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