Category Archives: Issue 2

Volume 42 (Issue 2), September 2021

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IRIS RECOGNITION USING SUPERVISED REGULARIZED MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
- Sohana Jahan1, Sonia Akter2 and Farhana Ahmed Simi3

FLORISTIC COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN RAFFLESIA’S HABITAT AT KINABALU PARK, SABAH.
– Rasyidah Wahab1, Kartini Saibeh2, Shamsul Khamis3

PAPER WASTES AS BEDDINGS IN VERMICOMPOST PRODUCTION
– Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar a, John Keen, Chubo b*, and Marina, Mohd. Top @ Mohd. Tahc

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM-BASED METHYL ESTER SULPHONATE (MES) SURFACTANT
– FADZLINA ABDULLAH 1* , NUR AAINAA SYAHIRAH RAMLI 1 , FUMIYA NIIKURA 2 AND ZULINA ABD. MAURAD 1

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SELECTED PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PACKED PALM-BASED COOKING OILS
-  Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli*, Mohd Azmil Mohd Noor, Fadzlina Abdullah

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IRIS RECOGNITION USING SUPERVISED REGULARIZED MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING

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Sohana Jahan1, Sonia Akter2 and Farhana Ahmed Simi3
1,2,3 Department of Mathematics University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Corresponding author: Sohana Jahan, Email; sjahan.mat@du.ac.bd

Received 30th April 2021 ; accepted 22nd August 2021
Available online 20th December 2021

ABSTRACT. Iris Recognition is regarded as the most reliable and accurate biometric identification system available. In Iris Recognition, a person is identified by the iris region of the eye using image processing, pattern matching and the concept of neural networks. A typical Iris Recognition system involves three steps, Iris pre-processing, Iris feature extraction and Iris Classification. Most of the researchers use Daugman’s integro-differential operator and Daugman’s rubber sheet model for pre-processing. A number of feature extraction methods can be used to achieve a reasonable recognition rate. In our work we have used Supervised Regularized Multidimensional Scaling proposed recently for feature extraction that is used directly on iris image regarded as high dimensional vector. The method uses radial basis function to select some images as centres and then projects higher dimensional vectors into a lower dimensional space using an Iterative majorization algorithm. The projection is done in such a way that data of same class projects together and also it selects the most effective features that leads to better recognition rate. This approach excludes the pre-processing that saves computation time. We have compared our approach with Principal Component Analysis and implemented on a benchmarking data MMU iris data. K-Nearest Neighbor classifier is used for the classification. Numerical experiments show that Supervised Regularized Multidimensional Scaling successfully achieves better recognition and outperforms some other approaches such as Principal Component Analysis with and without pre-processing of iris images.

KEYWORDS. Multi-Dimensional Scaling, Radial Basis Function, Iterative Majorization, Iris recognition, Biometrics, k-NN.

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REFERENCES

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SELECTED PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PACKED PALM-BASED COOKING OILS

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Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli*, Mohd Azmil Mohd Noor, Fadzlina Abdullah
Quality and Environmental Assessment Unit, Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran
Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author. Email: aainaa.syahirah@mpob.gov.my

Received 4th May 2021 ; accepted 15nd November 2021
Available online 20th December 2021

ABSTRACT. Cooking oils are used for daily cooking as well as salad dressing, in processed food, and other various uses. The physico-chemical properties of cooking oils can affect the quality of foods and hence must be evaluated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of palm-based cooking oils (refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein). The analyses were conducted on a total of 20 different brands of cooking oil packed in plastic pouches, which were randomly chosen from a local market. The physico-chemical properties of the cooking oils investigated include moisture and impurities (MI), iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), slip melting point (SMP), Lovibond colour, and free fatty acid (FFA). The properties were compared with known standards for refined oils such as Malaysian Standard and Codex Alimentarius Standard. Analysis showed that MI, IV, and SMP of all brands were within the requirements set by Malaysian Standard for RBD palm olein. The PV, Lovibond colour, and FFA values of several brands deviated from the Malaysian Standard. Meanwhile, the PV and FFA of all brands of the cooking oil tested were within the value designated by the Codex Standards. The physico-chemical properties of RBD palm olein cooking oils tested in this study were of acceptable and good quality and are considered suitable for consumption. The quality of cooking oil should be regularly monitored to avoid the use of adulterated oil.

KEYWORDS. RBD palm olein, cooking oil, physico-chemical properties, plastic pouch packed

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM-BASED METHYL ESTER SULPHONATE (MES) SURFACTANT

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Fadzlina Abdullah1*, Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli1, Fumiya Niikura2 And Zulina Abd. Maurad1
1Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43 000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Functional Material Science Research Laboratory, Lion Corporation, 2-1 Hirai 7-Chome, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 132-0035, Japan. *Corresponding author : fadzlina@mpob.gov.my

Received 8th May 2021 ; accepted 18nd October 2021
Available online 20th December 2021

ABSTRACT. Palm-based methyl ester sulphonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant derived from renewable resources by sulphonation of palm methyl ester with sulphur trioxide and can be used as an alternative to the conventional linear alkylbenzenesulphonate. MES has been shown to possess favourable environmental characteristics, water hardness tolerance, with excellent detergency and foaming properties that are useful in detergent industry. Due to its great potential as surfactant in consumer products, it is crucial to determine its physical properties to protect consumer safety and the ecosystem. Physical properties are important aspects of a chemical because they play a significant role in determining its possible applications. Therefore, this study aims to determine the physical properties of various homologues of palm-based MES, such as C12-, C14-, C16-, and C16:18- MES. The selected physical properties included physical appearance (form, colour, and odour), functional groups via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, density, melting point, and flammability. The sulphonation process to produce MES was confirmed through sulphonationcation interactions from the FTIR spectra. A better understanding of the properties and applicability of MES in different areas can be assessed through the study of their physical properties. Information on these properties is important, whereby the specifications of palm-based MES can be used to find the best formulation for its applications and support the regulatory requirements of importing countries, e.g., Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACh), to facilitate market penetration.

KEYWORDS.Anionic surfactant; Palm-based; methyl ester sulphonate; Detergent; properties.

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FLORISTIC COMMUNITY COMPOSITION IN RAFFLESIA’S HABITAT AT KINABALU PARK, SABAH

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Rasyidah Wahab1, Kartini Saibeh2, Shamsul Khamis3, Handry Mujih4, Geofarry Gunsalam4, Dasini4, Ezron Gerald5, Rayzigerson Rodney Chai1, Mohd Fadil6, Venly6, Federica Karolus6

1Institute of Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
2Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
3Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
4Herbarium, Botany Section, Reseacrh and Education Division, P.O. Box 10626, 88806, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
5Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
6Danum Valley Field Centre, Block 3, Ground Floor, MDLD 3286/3287, Fajar Centre, 91112, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia. Email: rasyidahj@yahoo.com

Received 9th Julai 2021 ; accepted 15nd August 2021
Available online 20th December 2021

ABSTRACT. In the vicinity of Kinabalu Park, Sabah, a study was conducted to determine the plant community and its composition in the habitat of Rafflesia sp. and its host, Tetrastigma sp. A total of 5 circular-shaped plots each with a fixed radius of 20 meters, were located around Kinabalu Park, namely in Losou Podi, Losou Minunsud, Sayap Substation, Langanan and Gansurai. The Rafflesia species detected in Kinabalu Park during the present study were Rafflesia pricei and R. keithii. Overall, 19 Rafflesia individuals were detected, which comprised of 3 flowers and 16 buds. A total of 20 scars from former dead flowers and buds were obtained on the host, where they possessed an average diameter of 2.2-4.8 cm from the five plots. There were 778 individuals recorded for plant community, belonging to 111 genera, 53 families and 250 species. The total tree density was 1238 individuals/ha, where the family Lauraceae (11.05%) had the highest individuals followed by Annonaceae (8.61%). Although the species Baccaurea lanceolata were found in all study plots, the species Xantophyllum macrophyllum has the most individuals detected (3.60%) in the plant community habitats. The value of the Shannon-Wiener Index was H’=3.23 and the Evenness Index is low, E=0.10. The percentage of family similarity between plots was high (SBC=70.19–48.23%), but the percentage of species similarity between plots was very low (SJ=4.31–1.54%). This study shows that both the species of Xanthophyllum macrophyllum and Baccaurea lanceolata have a relationship with the habitat ofRafflesia in Kinabalu Park, as both species were located nearest to the Rafflesia’s host. Moreover, these two species were seen to be well associated with Tetrastigma since the Tetrastigma was observed to climb several trees of these species in the plot.

KEYWORDS. Ecology, Kinabalu Park, plant community, Rafflesia, Tetrastigma.

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PAPER WASTES AS BEDDINGS IN VERMICOMPOST PRODUCTION

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Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar a, John Keen, Chubo b*, and Marina, Mohd. Top @ Mohd. Tahc
a Nextgreen Pulp and Paper Sdn Bhd, R&D Department, Menara LGB, Jalan Wan Kadir 1, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, 60000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
b Department of Forestry Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97000 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
c Department of Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: johnkeen@upm.edu.my

Received 31 st July 2021 ; accepted 4nd October 2021
Available online 20th December 2021

ABSTRACT. Paper waste is one of many wastes produced by men leading to more landfill spaces to dispose of them. Improper management of wastes can become a nuisance and can become a source of pollution and environmental degradation. This research aimed to determine the effect of different paper wastes (white paper, newspaper, and brown paper) as bedding materials on the efficiency of vermicomposting and nutrient content of the vermicompost. Vermicompost substrates (cow dung, vegetable waste and waste paper) were digested using earthworms (Eudrilus eugeniae) for up to 68 days and were assessed across physical (temperature and weight loss) and chemical parameters (pH, macro- and micro-nutrients content). The vermicompost gave pH values ranging from 7.9 to 9.9 for different paper beddings. The temperature in all vermicompost piles averaged 26 to 34˚C, while
weight losses were recorded at 26 to 38%. Chemical analyses of all vermicompost substrates showed no significant difference for N, P, Fe, Cu and Mg contents. In contrast, the C:N ratio, K, Na, Ca, Zn and Mn of the vermicompost products were significantly different (P<0.05). Although vermicomposting using newspaper bedding recorded the shortest period to mature with most nutrient contents suitable for application on plants, the Cu content was too high, suggesting that the amount of newspaper used as bedding should be reduced and substituted with other organic substances such as crop residues. Vermicomposting using paper wastes as beddings for earthworm (E. eugeniae) shows a good potential of producing vermicompost that can be used as a soil amendment.

KEYWORDS: paper wastes, beddings, Eudrilus eugeniae, vermicompost, nutrient content

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