VOLUME 38, Issue 1

List Of Papers
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF SOILS FROM MENENGAI CRATER IN KENYA
Paul Njenga Waithaka1*, Francis B. Mwaura1, John M. Wagacha1, Eliud M. Gathuru2, Francis M. Ngumbu2 and Anderson K. Mwangi2

TYPE AND QUANTITY OF MARINE DEBRIS AT SELECTED PUBLIC BEACHES IN SABAH (TG. ARU & KOSUHOI) DURING DIFFERENT MONSOON SEASONS
Julyus-Melvin Mobilik1,*, Teck-Yee Ling1Mohd-Lokman Bin Husain2, & Ruhana Hassan1

A REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC NOISE ON BIRDS
Emily A. Gilbert, Jephte Sompud*, Cynthia B. Sompud

BIRD POPULATION IN TWO YEARS OLD Acacia mangium PLANTATION, SABAH FOREST INDUSTRIES SDN BHD
Kee Sze Lue, Jephte Sompud*, Lee Woon Jah, Cynthia Boon Sompud, Emily Gilbert

GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL AT SILAM COAST CONSERVATION AREA (SCCA) SILAM, SABAH
Zulherry Isnain1, *Junaidi Asis1, Hazerina Pungut2, Sanudin Tahir2, Baba Musta1 & Hardianshah Saleh2

 

DOWNLOAD FULL VOLUME HERE (Right click and Save As..)

 

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF SOILS FROM MENENGAI CRATER IN KENYA

Paul Njenga Waithaka1*, Francis B. Mwaura1, John M. Wagacha1, Eliud M. Gathuru2, Francis M. Ngumbu2 and Anderson K. Mwangi2
1University of Nairobi, school of biological sciences, P. O. Box, 30197-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
2Egerton University, Department of biological sciences, P. O. Box, 536 Njoro, Kenya
Corresponding author; Paul Njenga Waithaka, Cell; +254 721104637, Email; waithakanj@gmail.com, waithakanj@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT A total of 98 soil samples collected from Menengai geothermal site located in Nakuru, Kenya were analyzed for their chemical and microbial components. In region A, phosphorus, sodium, nitrogen and carbon were deficient, region B and C, phosphorus and manganese while in while in D the deficient minerals were phosphorus, sodium, nitrogen and carbon. Toxic minerals were calcium and magnesium in regions A, B, C and D. The most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli with a mean of (3.35×107) while the least were Bacillus sp. (1.40×105). Among the fungi, the most dominant were Aspergillus nomius with a mean of 4.42x 104 with the least been Panicillium sacculum (8.09×103). As much as geothermal exploration is important in boosting the country’s energy reserves, there is need to rehabilitate the caldera so as to restore the microbial composition of the region.

Keywords: diversity, crater, geothermal, Menengai, microbial, chemical

 

REFERENCES

  • Abdullah M. Al-Dhabaan, K. and Ali H. (2016). Identification of contaminated soil from isolated fungi in Riyadh province. Life Science Journal, 13(2): 123-128.
  • Connor, N., Sikorski, J. and Rooney, A. P. (2010) Ecology of speciation in the Genus Bacillus. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 76:1349-1358.
  • Commichau, F. M., Pietack, N. and Stu¨ lke, J. (2013). Essential genes in Bacillus subtilis: a re-evaluation after ten years. Molecular Biosystems, 9: 1068–1075. Das, M. and Anitha, S. (2011). Mycoremediatio of moocrotophos, International Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1): 337-342.
  • Dhiva, S., Jaishanker Pillai, H.P. and Shinde, V. M. (2016). Isolation and characterization of soil microorganisms for potential biocontrol activity. Internatinoal Journal of Current Research in Biological Sciences, 3(3): 26-29.
  • Egejuru, A. L., Alessandro, W. D., Tagliavia, M., Parello, F. and Quatrini, P. (2014). Methanotrophic activity and diversity of methanotrophs in volcanic geothermal soils at Pantelleria (Italy). Journal of Biogeosciences, 11: 5865–5875.
  • Gagliano, A. L., Alessandro, W. D., Tagliavia, M., Parello, F. and Quatrini, P. (2014). Methanotrophic activity and diversity of methanotrophs in volcanic geothermal soils at Pantelleria (Italy). Journal of Biogeosciences, 11: 5865–5875.
  • Galperin, M. Y., Mekhedov, S. L., Puigbo, P., Smirnov, S., Wolf, Y. I. and Rigden, D. J. (2012). Genomic determinants of sporulation in Bacilli and Clostridia: towards the minimal set of sporulation-specific genes. Journal of Environmental Microbiology, 14: 2870–2890.
  • Guo, Y., Fujimura, R., Sato, Y, Suda, W., Kim, S., Oshima, K., Hattori, M., Kamijo, T., Narisawa, K. and Ohta, K. (2014). Characterization of Early Microbial Communities on Volcanic Deposits along a Vegetation Gradient on the Island of Miyake, Japan. Journal of Microbes in the Environment, 29 (1):38-49.
  • Jasuja, J. L., Kumar, G., Rao, K. V. (2013). Screening of pectinase producing microorganisms from agricultural waste dump soil. Asian Journal of Biochemistryand Pharmaceutical Research 2:329- 337.
  • Jugran, J., Rawat, N. and Joshi, G. (2015). Amylase production by Geobacillus sp. GJA1 isolated from a hot spring in Uttarakhand. ENVIS Himalayan ecology, 23: 120-125.
  • Karthik, L., Singh, K., Bose, H., Richa, K., Gaurav, K. and Bhaskara, R. (2012). Isolation and characterization of protease producing marine eubacteria. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 8(5): 1633-1649.
  • Khursheed, A. W., Rajni, Y., Shivom, S. and Krishan, K. U. (2014). Comparative Study of Physicochemical Properties and Fertility of Soils in Gwalior, Madhya.Pradesh. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10 (2): 48-56.
  • Kumar, M., Yadav, A. N., Tiwari, R., Prasanna, R. and Saxena, A. K. 2014. Deciphering the diversity of culturable thermotolerant bacteria from Manikaran hot springs. Annals of Microbiology, 64: 741 -751.
  • Mamta J., Rashmi S., A. K. Sharma, K. and Anil, P. (2013). Isolation and characterization of Fusarium oxysporum, a wilt causing fungus, for its pathogenic and non-pathogenic nature in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5 (1): 108-117.
  • Mariita, N. O. (2003). An integrated geophysical study of the northern Kenya rift crustal structure: implications for geothermal energy prospecting for Menengai area. A PhD dissertation, University of Texas at El Paso, USA.
  • Martins, L. F., Antunes, L. P., Pascon, R. C., de Oliveira, J. C., Digiampietri, L. A., Barbosa, D., Peixoto, B. M., Vallim, M. A. and VianaNiero (201 3). Metagenomic analysis of a tropical composting operation at the Sa˜o Paulo Zoo Park reveals diversity of biomass degradation functions and organisms. PLoS ONE (8) 619-28.
  • Omenda, P. A., Opondo, K., Lagat, J., Mungania, J., Mariita, N., Onacha, S., Simiyu, S., Wetang’ula, G., and Ouma, P. (2000). Ranking of geothermal prospects in the Kenya rift. Kenya Electricity Generating Company Limited, internal report, 121 pp.
  • Osakwe, S. A. (2014). Evaluation of Physicochemical Characteristics of Soils in the Flood Disaster Affected Areas of Isoko Region of Delta State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 7(5): 24-31.
  • Paul Njenga Waithaka, Francis B. Mwaura, John M. Wagacha, Eliud M. Gathuru, Francis M. Ngaumbu and Anderson K. Mwangi Ramanadevi, V., Naik, L. S. and Aruna, K. (2013). Isolation and Biochemical characterization of protease isolated from Bacillus sp SVN12. International Journal of Research in Pure and Applied Microbiology, 3(3): 94-101.
  • Rohilla S. K. and Salar R. K. (2012). Isolation and Characterization of Various Fungal Strains from Agricultural Soil Contaminated with Pesticides. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 1(2): 297-303.
  • Sharma, N., Vyas, G. and Pathania, S. (2013). Culturable diversity of thermophilic microorganisms found in hot springs of northern Himalayas and to explore their potential for production of industrially important enzymes. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 1: 165-178.
  • Sunita, D. and Kanwar, S. (2016). Deciphering the diversity of aerobic culturable thermophiles in hot springs of Manikaran, Himachal Pradesh. International Journal of Farm Sciences, 6(1): 156-162.
  • Umar, M., Akafyi, D., Abdulkarim, I., Yaya, A. A., and Danasabe, Y. (2015). International Journal of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 4(10): 063-066.
  • Umar, M., Yaya, A. A., Yusuf, G., Tafinta, I.Y., Aliko, A.A., Jobbi, D.Y. and Lawal, G. (2016). Biochemical characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility trends of Proteus mirabilis isolated from patients suspected with urinary tract infections attending Sickbay Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria. Annals of Biological Sciences, 4(2):1-8.
  • Waithaka, P. N, Muthini M. J. and Kebira A. K. (2015). Physico-chemical Analysis, Microbial Isolation, Sensitivity Test of the Isolates and Solar Disinfection of Water Running in Community Taps and River Kandutura in Nakuru North Sub-county, Kenya. The Open Microbiology Journal, 9: 117-124.

Download Full Paper Here (Right-Click and Save As.. )

TYPE AND QUANTITY OF MARINE DEBRIS AT SELECTED PUBLIC BEACHES IN SABAH (TG. ARU & KOSUHOI) DURING DIFFERENT MONSOON SEASONS

Julyus-Melvin Mobilik1,*, Teck-Yee Ling1,

Mohd-Lokman Bin Husain2, & Ruhana Hassan1
1Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
2Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

*Email: julyus.mobilik@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Marine debris is widely distributed at the coastal area of the global oceans, but their specific sources, quantities and distribution remains inconclusive. Although the threat from marine debris pollution has beginning to be recognized in Malaysia, comprehensive studies are still lacking to document the pollution. This study adopted a standard method of beach marine debris survey to assess the type, amount and sources of debris on a one kilometer section in Tg. Aru and Kosuhoi beaches, Sabah, during surveys in December 2012 (northeast monsoon, NEM), May 2013 (intermediate monsoon, IM) and July 2013 (southwest monsoon, SWM). The mean total debris items was 1,220±532 item/km and weighing at 52.8±17.2 kg/km, where, Kosuhoi beach (1,241 item/km or 57 kg/km) received substantially greater quantities of debris compared to Tg. Aru beach (1,199 item/km or 48 kg/km). Total debris items was more abundant during SWM (1,789 item/km) compared to NEM (1,139 item/km) and IM (733 item/km) seasons. Plastic category objects were the most numerous amounting to 1,057 item/km (86.64%) in total debris items. Clear plastic bottles, food wrappers, plastic fragments, colored plastic bottles and cups were the most abundant objects collected which they contributed 606 item/km (49.69%) from the total debris item collected. The main source of debris objects abundance was from common source which contributed 52% from the total debris objects, whereas, those from terrestrial and marine sources contributed 32% and 16% respectively.  The high percentage of terrestrial and common sources debris requires marine environment stakeholders to diversify their approach and priority in mitigating this alarming result especially during SWM period. Awareness program is an effective preventive measure that should be continued and intensified. However, the program should focus on target group to ensure the awareness effectiveness to reduce if not totally eliminate the debris in the marine environment.

KEYWORDS. Beach pollution, plastic, monsoon seasons, marine debris source, Sabah

 

REFERENCES

  • Abdullah, N. A., Nordin, M. F. M., & Muhammad, M. 2011. Study contamination of lead, cadmium and mercury in coastal water along Kelantan coast. Paper presented at the Proceeding of Plant Natural Products. Retrieved from http://umkeprints.umk.edu.my/514/1/Paper 1.pdf
  • Agamuthu, P., Fauziah, S. H., & Khairunnisa, A. K. 2012. Marine Debris on Selected Malaysian Beaches: Impacts of Human Ignorance. Paper presented at the Proceedings of The 10th. Expert Meeting on Solid Waste Management in Asia and Pacific Islands (SWAPI) 20-22 Feb 2012., Tottori, Japan. Retrieved from http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00004264_77696.pdf
  • Barnes, D. K. A. 2002. Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature, 416: 808–809. doi:10.1038/416808a
  • Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., & Barlaz, M. A. 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364(1526): 1985–1998.
  • Browne, M. A., Crump, P., Niven, S. J., Teuten, E. L., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T. S., & Thompson, R. C. 2011. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(21): 9175–9179.
  • Carslaw, D., & Ropkins, K. (2014). Package “openair.” Retrieved from www.openairproject.org/PDF/OpenAir_Manual.pdf
  • Chan, E.-H., Chak, L.-H., & Der, F. P. (1996). Beached debris in Pulau Redang and a mainland beach in Terengganu. Paper presented at the Proceedings 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Science, (pp. 99–108) Retrieved from http://www.ioseaturtles.org/bibliography_search_detail.php?id=1127
  • Cheshire, A., Adler, E., Barbière, J., Cohen, Y., Evans, S., Jarayabhand, S., … Westphalen, G. (2009). UNEP / IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 186 & IOC Technical Series No. 83.
  • Chiang, E. P., Zainal, Z. A., Narayana, P. A. A., & Seetharamu, K. N. (2003). The potential of wave and offshore wind energy in around the coastline of malaysia that face the south china sea. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Renewable Energy: Environment Protection & Energy Solution for Sustainable Development, 14 – 17 September 2003, Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://eprints.usm.my/9925/1/The_Potential_of_Wave_and_Offshore_Wind_Energy_i n_Around_the_Coastline_of_malaysia_That_Face_The_South_China_Sea_(PPKMek anikal).pdf
  • Daily Express Newspaper online. 2014, March 31. Solving the floating garbage. Daily Express Online. Retrieved from http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID=88983
  • Derraik, J. G. B. 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9): 842–52.
  • Garcon, J. S., Grech, A., Moloney, J., & Hamann, M. 2010. Relative Exposure Index: An important factor in sea turtle nesting distribution. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystem, 20(2): 140–149.
  • Gasim, H. A., Hashim, A. M., Bakri, P. Z. M., Samsuri, M. Z., Rais, N. L. A., & Noor, N. D. M. 2013. Marine Pollution at Northeast of Penang Island. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 6(8): 1348–1353.
  • Abdullah, N. A., Nordin, M. F. M., & Muhammad, M. 2011. Study contamination of lead, cadmium and mercury in coastal water along Kelantan coast. Paper presented at the Proceeding of Plant Natural Products. Retrieved from http://umkeprints.umk.edu.my/514/1/Paper 1.pdf
  • Agamuthu, P., Fauziah, S. H., & Khairunnisa, A. K. 2012. Marine Debris on Selected Malaysian Beaches: Impacts of Human Ignorance. Paper presented at the Proceedings of The 10th. Expert Meeting on Solid Waste Management in Asia and Pacific Islands(SWAPI) 20-22 Feb 2012., Tottori, Japan. Retrieved from http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00004264_77696.pdf
  • Barnes, D. K. A. 2002. Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature, 416: 808–809. doi:10.1038/416808a
  • Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., & Barlaz, M. A. 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364(1526): 1985–1998.
  • Browne, M. A., Crump, P., Niven, S. J., Teuten, E. L., Tonkin, A., Galloway, T. S., & Thompson, R. C. 2011. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: sources and sinks. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(21): 9175–9179.
  • Carslaw, D., & Ropkins, K. (2014). Package “openair.” Retrieved from www.openairproject.org/PDF/OpenAir_Manual.pdf
  • Chan, E.-H., Chak, L.-H., & Der, F. P. (1996). Beached debris in Pulau Redang and a mainland beach in Terengganu. Paper presented at the Proceedings 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Science, (pp. 99–108). Retrieved from http://www.ioseaturtles.org/bibliography_search_detail.php?id=1127
  • Cheshire, A., Adler, E., Barbière, J., Cohen, Y., Evans, S., Jarayabhand, S., … Westphalen, G. (2009). UNEP / IOC Guidelines on Survey and Monitoring of Marine Litter. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 186 & IOC Technical Series No. 83.
  • Chiang, E. P., Zainal, Z. A., Narayana, P. A. A., & Seetharamu, K. N. (2003). The potential of wave and offshore wind energy in around the coastline of malaysia that face the south china sea. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Renewable Energy: Environment Protection & Energy Solution for Sustainable Development, 14 – 17 September 2003, Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from http://eprints.usm.my/9925/1/The_Potential_of_Wave_and_Offshore_Wind_Energy_i n_Around_the_Coastline_of_malaysia_That_Face_The_South_China_Sea_(PPKMeka nikal).pdf
  • Daily Express Newspaper online. 2014, March 31. Solving the floating garbage. Daily Express Online. Retrieved from http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/print.cfm?NewsID=88983
  • Derraik, J. G. B. 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9): 842–52.
  • Garcon, J. S., Grech, A., Moloney, J., & Hamann, M. 2010. Relative Exposure Index: An important factor in sea turtle nesting distribution. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystem, 20(2): 140–149.
  • Gasim, H. A., Hashim, A. M., Bakri, P. Z. M., Samsuri, M. Z., Rais, N. L. A., & Noor, N. D. M. 2013. Marine Pollution at Northeast of Penang Island. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 6(8): 1348–1353.
  • Golik, A., & Gertner, Y. 1992. Litter on the Israeli coastline. Marine Environmental Research, 33(1): 1–15.
  • Gornitz, V. M., Daniels, R. C., White, T. W., Birdwell, K. R., Gornitzf, V. M., & Birdwellll, K. R. 1994. The development of a Coastal Risk assesment Database: Vulnerability to sea-level rise in the U.S. Southeast. Journal of Coastal Research, SI(12): 327–338.
  • Guannel, G., Arkema, K., Verutes, G., Guerry, A., Kim, C.-K., Papenfus, M., … Toft, J. (2011). Using Natural Habitats to Mitigate the Impact of Coastal Hazards and Inform Management Decisions. In: L. A. Wallendorf, C. Jones, L. Ewing, & B. Battalio (Eds.). Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2011, (pp. 233–245).
  • Anchorage, Alaska, United States: American Society of Civil Engineers. doi:10.1061/41185(417)22
  • Hassan, R., & Mobilik, J. M. (2012). Debris Marin: Punca dan Penyelesaian. Malaysia, Penerbit Unimas. Horsman, P. V. 1982. The amount of garbage pollution from merchant ships. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 13(5): 167–169. International Maritime Organization. (2012). Res. MEPC.201(62) – Revise MARPOL Annex V (Vol. 201). London, International Maritime Organization. Jayasiri, H. B., Purushothaman, C. S., & Vennila, A. 2013. Plastic litter accumulation on high-water strandline of urban beaches in Mumbai, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185: 7709–7719.
  • Keddy, P. A. 1984. Quantifying within-lake energy gradients in Gillfillan Lake, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Botany, 62: 301 –309.
  • Khairunnisa, A. K., Fauziah, S. H., & Agamuthu, P. 2012. Marine debris composition and abundance : A case study of selected beaches in Port Dickson , Malaysia. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 15(3): 279–286.
  • Law, A. T., & Hii, Y. S. 2006. Status, impacts and mitigation of hydrocarbon pollution in the Malaysian seas. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management Society, 9(2): 147–158.
  • Ngah, M. S. Y. C., Hashim, M., Nayan, N., Said, Z. M., & Ibrahim, M. H. 2012. Marine pollution trend analysis of tourism beach in Peninsular Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal, 17(10): 1238–1245.
  • O’Brine, T., & Thompson, R. C. 2010. Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(12): 2279–83.
  • Otley, H., & Ingham, R. 2003. Marine debris surveys at Volunteer Beach, Falkland Islands, during the summer of 2001/02. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(12): 1534–1539.
  • Ribic, C. A. 1998. Use of indicator items to monitor marine debris on a New Jersey beach from 1991 to 1996. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(I): 887–891. Ribic, C. A., Dixon, T. R., & Vining, I. (1992). Marine Debris Survey Manual. Washington, DC, NOAA Techincal Report NMFS 108.
  • Rodil, I. F., & Lastra, M. 2004. Environmental factors affecting benthic macrofauna along a gradient of intermediate sandy beaches in northern Spain. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 61(1): 37– 44.
  • Rosevelt, C., Huertos, M. L., Garza, C., & Nevins, H. M. 2013. Marine debris in central California: Quantifying type and abundance of beach litter in Monterey Bay, CA. Marine Pollution Bulletin71(1-2): 299–306.
  • Ryan, P. G., & Moloney, C. L. 1993. Marine litter keeps increasing. Nature, 361(6407): 26. Silva-Cavalcanti, J. S., Barbosa de Araújo, M. C., & Ferreira da Costa, M. 2009. Plastic litter on an urban beach: A case study in Brazil. Waste Management and Research, 27: 93–97.
  • Somerville, S. E., Miller, K. L., & Mair, J. M. 2003. Assessment of the aesthetic quality of a selection of beaches in the Firth of Forth, Scotland. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(9): 1184–1190.
  • Sonu, C. J., McCloy, J. M., & Mcarthur, D. S. 1966. Longshore currents and nearshore topographies. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 1(10): 524–549.
  • Taffs, K. H., & Cullen, M. C. 2005. The distribution and abundance of marine debris on isolated beaches of northern New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, 12(4): 244– 250.
  • Walker, T. R., Grant, J., & Archambault, M. 2006. Accumulation of marine debris on an intertidal beach in an urban park (Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia). Water Quality Research Journal Canada41(3): 256–262.
  • Waters, S., Farrell-Poe, K., & Wagner, K. 2011. When it Rains it Runs Off : Runoff and Urbanized Areas in Arizona. The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from cals.arizona.edu/pubs/water/az1542.pdf

Download Full Paper Here (Right-Click and Save As.. )

 

A REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC NOISE ON BIRDS

Emily A. Gilbert, Jephte Sompud*, Cynthia B. Sompud
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 44800 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
E-mail: jefty2003@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. This review addresses the impacts of the noise, the vital role of acoustic communication and the response of the bird in overcoming the increased anthropogenic noise. The rapid development human activities nowadays induce the noise that interrupt the acoustic communication of birds. Disturbance of the signals transmission causes detrimental impact on the birds as they are highly depending on the acoustic communication for their survival, territory defense and reproduction. Continuous exposure of the noise then results in the declination of species richness of which have been stated by several past studies. Although most of the studies stated that the negative impact as a consequences from the anthropogenic noise, however there is positive effect contributed by the noise of which are also recorded in other studies. Moreover, the impacts other variables such as vegetation density that cause major changes to the bird population as compared to noise have also been highlighted in several studies. This indicates that considering several influencing factor is important in measuring impact that leads to the changes that occur within the bird population. Thus, in depth studies on the impacts of anthropogenic noise towards the species of birds by taking into account other contributing variables is important to enable the noise management to be conducted effectively especially in development areas as way in conserving the biodiversity of the bird population.

KEYWORDS. Anthropogenic noise, avian community, bird’s population, acoustic communication

 

REFERENCES

  • Arroyo-Solis, A., Castilo, J. M., Lopez-Sanchez, J. L. & Slabbekoorn, H. 2013. Experimental evidence for an impact of anthropogenic noise on dawn chorus timing in urban birds. Journal of Avian Biology 43, pp. 1-9.
  • Barber, J. R., Crooks, K. R. & Fristrup, K. M. 2009. The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25, pp. 180-189.
  • Bayne, E. M., Habib, L. & Boutin, S. 2008. Impacts of chronic anthropogenic noise from energy-sector activity on abundance of songbirds in the boreal forest. Conservation Biology 22(5), pp. 1186- 1193.
  • Blickley, J. L. & Patricelli, G. L. 2010. Impacts of Anthropogenic Noise on Wildlife: Research Priorities for the Development of Standards and Mitigation. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 13, pp. 274-292.
  • Blickley, J. L., Blackwood, D. & Patricelli, G. L. 2012 Experimental evidence for the effects of chronic anthropogenic noise on abundance of greater sage-grouse at leks. Conservation Biology 26(3), pp. 461-471.
  • Bottalico, P., Spoglianti, D., Bertetti, C. A. & Falossi, M. 2015. Effect of Noise Generated by Construction Sites on Birds. Conference Inter-noise 2015, pp. 1-7.
  • Brumm, H. 2004. The impact of environmental noise on song amplitude in a territorial bird. Journal of Animal Ecology 73, pp. 434-440.
  • Brumm, H. & Zollinger, S. A. 2011. The evolution of the Lombard effect: 100 years of psychoacoustic research. Behaviour 148, pp. 1173-1198.
  • Cartwright, L. A., Taylor, D. R., Wilson, D. R. & Chow-Fraser, P. 2013. Urban noise affects song structure and daily patterns of song production in Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Urban Ecosyst, pp. 1-12.
  • Chan, A.A.Y-H., Stahlman, W. D., Garlick, D., Fast, C. D., Blumstein, D. T. & Blaisdell, A. P. 2010. Increased amplitude and duration of acoustic stimuli enhance distraction. Animal Behaviour in press, pp. 1-5.
  • Cardoso, G. C. & Atwell, J. W. 2011. On the relation between loudness and the increased song frequency of urban birds. Animal Behaviour 82, pp. 831-836.
  • Diaz, M., Parra, A. & Gallardo, C. 2011. Serins respond to anthropogenic noise by increasing vocal activity. Behavioral Ecology, pp. 332-336.
  • Dooling, R. J & Popper, A. N. 2007. The effects of highway noise on birds. Jones and Stokes Associate, California. Dutilleux, G. 2012. Anthropogenic outdoor sound and wildlife: it’s not just bioacoustics! Conference of Acoustics 2012, pp. 1-6.
  • Forman, R. T. T. & Alexander, L. E. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review Ecology System 29, pp. 207–231. Francis C. D., Ortega, C. P. & Cruz, A. 2009. Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions. Current Biology 19, pp. 1415–1419. .
  • Francis C. D., Ortega, C. P. & Cruz, A. 2010. Vocal frequency change reflects different responses to anthropogenic noise in two suboscine tyrant flycatchers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, pp. 2025-2031.
  • Francis, C. D., Ortega, C. P. & Cruz, A. 2011. Different behavioural responses to anthropogenic noise by two closely related passerine birds. Biology Letters, pp. 1-3
  • Francis, C. D. & Blickley, J. L. 2012. Introduction: research and perspectives on the study of anthropogenic noise and birds. Ornithological Monographs (74), pp. 1 -5.
  • González-Oreja, J. A., Fuente-Díaz-Ordaz, A. A., Hernández-Santín, L., Bonache-Regidor, C.& Buzo-Franco, D. 2012. Can human disturbance promote nestedness? Songbirdsand noise in urban parks as a case study. Landscape and Urban Planning In press, pp. 1-23.
  • Goodwin, S. E. & Shriver, W. G. 2010. Effects of traffic noise on occupancy patterns of forest birds. Conservation Biology 25(2), pp. 406-411.
  • Habib, L., Bayne, E. M. & Boutin, S. 2007. Chronic industrial noise affects pairing success and age structure of ovenbirds Seiurus aurocapilla. Journal of Applied Science 44, pp. 176-184.
  • Halfwerk, W., Bot, S., Buikx, J., Velde, M., Komdeur, J., Cate, C. & Slabbekoorn, H. 2011. Low-frequency songs lose their potency in noisy urban conditions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (35), pp. 14549-14554.
  • Hana, D., Blouin-Demers, G., Wilson, D. R. & Mennill, D. J. 2011. Anthropogenic noise affects song structure in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Journal of Experimental Biology 214, pp. 3549-3556.
  • Helldin, J. O. & Seiler, A. 2003. Effects of road on the abundance of birds in Swedish forest and farmland. Habitat Fragmentation due to Transportation Infrasturcture-IENE 2003, pp. 1-9.
  • Herrera-Montes, M. I & Aide, T. M. 2011. Impacts of traffic noise on anuran and bird communities. Urban Ecosyst 14, pp. 415-427.
  • Kight, C. R., Saha, M. S. & Swaddle, J. P. 2012. Anthropogenic noise is associated with reductions in the productivity of breeding Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia siali). Ecological Applications 22(7), pp. 1989-1996.
  • Legnage, T & Slater, P. J. B. 2002. The effects of rain on acoustic communication: towny owls have good reason for calling less in wet weather. The Royal Society 269, pp. 2121-2125.
  • Leonard, M. L. & Horn, A. G. 2012. Ambient noise increases missed detections in nestling birds. Biology Letters 8, pp. 530–532.
  • Luther, D. & Baptista, L. 2010. Urban noise and the cultural evolution of bird songs. Proceedings of Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, pp. 469-473.
  • McClure, C. J. W., Ware, H. E., Carlisle, J., Kaltenecker, G. & Barber, J. R. 2013. An experimental investigation into the effects of traffic noise on distributions of birds: avoiding the phantom road. Proceedings of The Royal Society 280, pp. 1-9.
  • Meillère, A., Brischoux, F. & Angelier F. 2015. Impact of chronic noise exposure on antipredator behavior: an experiment in breeding house sparrows. Behavioral Ecology, pp. 1-9. .
  • Miller, J. R., Dixon, M. D. & Turner, M. G. 2004. Response of avian communities in largeriver floodplains to environmental variation at multiple scales. Journal of Ecological Applications 14 (5), pp. 1394-1410.
  • Nemeth, E. & Brumm, H. 2010. Birds and Anthropogenic Noise: Are Urban Song Adaptive? The American Naturalist 176(4), pp. 465-475
  • Nemeth, E., & Pieretti, N., Geberzahn, N., Partecke, J., Miranda, A. C. and Brumm, H. 2013.Bird song and anthropogenic noise: vocal constraints may explain why birds sing higher-frequency songs in cities. Proceedings of The Royal Society 280, pp. 1-7.
  • Nordt, A. & Klenke, R. 2013. Sleepless in town – drivers of the temporal shift in dawn song in urban european blackbirds. PLoS ONE 8(8), pp. 1-10.
  • Parris, K. M. & Schneider, A. 2008. Impacts of traffic noise and traffic volume on birds of roadside habitats. Ecology and Society 14(1), pp. 1 -23.
  • Patricelli, G. L. & Blickley, J. L. 2006. Avian communication in urban noise: causes and consequences of vocal adjustment. Auk 123(3), pp. 639-649.
  • Peh, K. S. –H. Jong, J. D., Sodhi, N. S., Lim, S. L. –H. & Yap. C. A. –M. 2005. Lowland rainforest avifauna and human disturbance: persistence of primary forest birds in selectively logged forests and mixed-rural habitats of southern Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Biological Conservation 123, pp. 489-505.
  • Polak, M. 2014. Relationship between traffic noise levels and song perch height in a common passerine bird. Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment 30, pp. 72-75.
  • Potvin, D. A., Mulder, R. A. & Parris, K. M. 2014. Silvereyes decrease acoustic frequency but increase efficacy of alarm calls in urban noise. Animal Behaviour 98, pp. 27-33.
  • Rabin, L. A., McCowan, B., Hooper, S. L. & Owings, D. H. 2003. Anthropogenic noise and its effect of animal communication: an interference between comparative psychology and conservation biology. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 16, pp. 172-196.
  • Riebel, K. 2003. The ‘mute’ sex revisited: vocal production and perception learning in female songbirds. Advances in the Study of Behaviour 33, pp. 49-85.
  • Reijnen, R., Foppen, R. & Meeuwsen, H. 1996. The effects of traffic on the density of breeding birds in dutch agricultural grasslands. Biological Conservation 75, pp.255-260.
  • Santana, O. 2011. The effect of anthropogenic noise on veery singing behaviour. Carry Institute of Ecosystem Studies, pp. 1-11.
  • Schroeder, J., Nakagawa, S., Cleasby, I. R. & Burke, T. 2012. Passerine birds breeding under chronic noise experience reduced fitness. PLOS ONE 7(6), pp. 1-9.
  • Slabbekoorn, H. & Ripmeester, E. A. 2007. Birdsong and anthropogenic noise: implications and applications for conservation. Molecular Ecology, pp. 1-12.
  • Slabbekoorn, H. 2012. Measuring Behavioural Changes to Assess Anthropogenic Noise Impact on Singing Birds. Proceedings of Measuring Behavior 2012, pp. 158-162.
  • Sodhi, N. S., Lian, P. K., Prawiradilaga, D. M., Darjono., Tinulele, I., Putra, D. D. & Han, T. T. 2005. Land use and conservation value for forest birds in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Journal of Biological Conservation 122, pp. 547-558.
  • Summers, P. D., Cunnington, G. M. & Fahrig, L. 2011. Are the negative effects of roads on breeding birds caused by traffic noise? Journal of Applied Ecology 48, pp. 1527– 1534
  • Swaddle, J. P. & Page, L. C. 2007. High levels of environmental noise erode pair preferences in zebra finches: implications for noise pollution. Animal Behaviour 74, pp. 363-368.
  • Verzijden, M. N., Ripmeester, E. A. P., Ohms, V. R., Snelderwaard, P. & Slabbekoorn, H. 2010.Immediate spectral flexibility in singing chiffchaffs during experimental exposure to highway noise. The Journal of Experimental Biology 213, pp. 2575- 2581.
  • Wiacek, J., Polak, M., Filipiuk, M., Kucharczyk, M. & Bohatkiewicz, J. 2015. Do birds avoid railroads as has been found for roads? Environmental Management, pp. 1-10.

Download Full Paper Here (Right-Click and Save As.. )

BIRD POPULATION IN TWO YEARS OLD Acacia mangium PLANTATION, SABAH FOREST INDUSTRIES SDN BHD

Kee Sze Lue, Jephte Sompud*, Lee Woon Jah, Cynthia Boon Sompud, Emily Gilbert
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
E-mail: jefty2003@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Large areas of tropical forest worldwide have been converted rapidly into forest plantation. Plantation can play an important role in restoring productivity, ecosystem stability, and biological diversity to degraded tropical lands. However, the conversion of forest areas to plantation rapidly resulting birds to lose their natural habitat. Therefore, Acacia mangium plantations have the potential as the refuges for birds. As such, this study was conducted to investigate the bird population in 2-year Acacia mangium plantation, Sabah Forest Industries (SFI), Sabah to determine the bird population density and diversity of 2 year mangium plantation in SFI. There is no published information of the detailed status of bird in SFI yet. Bird survey was done by using point count method. The bird population density was analyzed by using distance 6.2 and bird diversity was calculated by using Shannon-Wiener diversity index. A total of 343 birds belong to 53 species from 21 families were detected. The bird population in 2-year mangium plantation was 17.71 individual per hectare and Shannon-Wiener diversity index for bird diversity was 3.24. This study shows that the bird population density and diversity in SFI were higher as compared to other past studies in Borneo plantation area.

KEYWORDS. Forest plantation, population density, bird diversity, Acacia mangium,  Sabah

 

REFERENCES

  • Bibi, F. & Ali, Z. 2013. Measurement of diversity indices of Avian communities at Taunsa Barrage wildlife sanctuary, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant, 23 (2): 469-474.
  • Buckland, S. T., Russell, R. E., Dickson, B. G., Saab, V. A., Gorman, D. N. & Block, W. M. 2009. Analyzing designed experiments in distance sampling. Journal of Agriculture Biological, and Environmental Statistic, 14 (4): 432-442.
  • Fujita, M. S., Prawiradilaga, D. M. & Yoshimura, T. 2014. Roles of fragmented and logged forests for bird communities in industrial Acacia mangium plantation in Indonesia. Ecological Research, 29 (4): 741-755.
  • Gregory, R. D and Strien, A. V. 2010. Wild bird indicators: using composite population trends of birds as measures of environmental health. Ornithological Science, 9: 3-22.
  • Lindell, C. A., Chomentowski, W. H. & Zook, J.R. 2003. Characteristic of bird species using forest and agriculture land covers in sounthern Costa Rica. Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 13: 2419-2441.
  • Mallari, N. A. D., Collar, N. J., Lee, D. C., McGowan, P. J. K., Wilkinson, R. & Marsden, S. J. 2011. Population densities of understorey birds across a habitat gradient in Palawan, Philippines: implications for conservation. Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 45 (2): 234-242.
  • Kee Sze Lue, Jephte Sompud, Lee Woon Jah, Cynthia Boon Sompud, Emily Gilbert Mojiol, A. R., Affendy, H., Maluda, J. & Immit, S. 2008. Rapid assesment on the abundance of bird species utilising the Kinabalu Wetland Centre mangroves. Journal of Tropical  Biology and Conservation, 4 (1): 99-107.
  • Morelli, F. 2013. Relative importance of marginal vegetation (shrubs, hedgerows, isolated trees) surrogate of HNV farmland for bird species distribution Central Italy. Ecological Engineering, 57: 261 -266.
  • Parrotta, J. A. 1992. The role of plantation forests in rehabilitating degraded tropical ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 41 (2): 115-133.
  • Pettingill, O. S., Jr. 1985. Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. Fifth Edition. Academic Press Inc. Ltd., London. Phillipps, Q. & Phillipps, K. 2014. Phillipps’ Field Guide To Birds of Borneo. John Beaufoy Publishing, United Kingdom.
  • Ralph, C. J., Geupel, G. R., Pyle, P., Martin, T. E. & DeSante, D. F. 1993. Handbook of field method for monitoring land birds. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-144. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, California.
  • Rajpar, M. N. & Zakaria, M. 2010. Density and diversity of water birds and terrestrial birds at Paya Indah Wetland Reserve, Selangor Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences, 10: 658-666.
  • SFI. 2015. SFI Mendulong Map. Sipitang, Sabah. Sheldon, F. H., Styring, A. R. & Hosner, P. A. 2010. Bird species richness in a Bornean exotic tree plantation: A long-term perspective. Biological Conservation, 143: 399- 407.
  • Sheldon, F. H. & Strying, A. R. 2011. Bird diversity differs between industrial tree plantations on Borneo: Implications for conservation planning. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 59 (2): 295-309.
  • Styring, A. R., Ragai, R., Unggang, J., Stuebing, R., Hosner, P. A. & Sheldon, F. H. 2011. Bird community assembly in Bornean Industrial Tree Plantations: Effects of forest age and structure. Forest Ecology and Management, 261: 531-544.
  • Sodhi, N. S., Soh, M. C., Prawiradilaga, D. M., Darjono, D. M. & Brook, B. W. 2005. Persistance of Lowland Rainforest Birds in a Recently Logged Area in Central Java. Bird Conservation International, 15 (2): 173-191.
  • Wilsey, B. & Stirling. 2007. Species richness and evenness respond in a different manner to propagule density in developing prairie microcosm communities. Journal of Plant Ecology, 190: 259-273.
  • Wee, Y.C. 2009. Observation on the behavior of the yellow-vented bulbul, Pycnonotus goiavier (Scopoli) in two instances of failed nesting. Nature in Singapore, 2: 347-352.
  • Wells, D. R., 2007. The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Volume II. Passerines.
  • Christopher Helm, London. 800 pp. Wong, T. S. 2012. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Bird of Borneo. John Beaufoy Publishing, United Kingdom.
  • Zakaria, M., Puan, C. L., Yusuf, M. E. 2005. Comparison of Species Composition in Three Forest Types: Toward Using Bird as Indicator of Forest Ecosystem Health. Journal of Biological Sciences, 5 (6): 734-737.
  • Zakaria, M., Rajpar, M. N. & Sajap, S. A. 2009. Species diversity and feeding guilds of birds in Paya Indah Wetland Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Zoological Research, 5 (3): 86-100.
  • Zakaria, M. & Rajpar, M. N. 2010. Bird species composition and feeding guilds based on point count and mist nesting method at The Paya Indah Wetland Reserve, Penisular Malaysia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 21 (2): 7-32.
  • Zakaria, M. & Rajpar, M. N. 2013. Density and diversity of water birds and terrestrial birds in man-made marsh, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 42 (10): 1483-1492.

Download Full Paper Here (Right-Click and Save As.. )

GEOTOURISM POTENTIAL AT SILAM COAST CONSERVATION AREA (SCCA) SILAM, SABAH

Zulherry Isnain1, *Junaidi Asis1, Hazerina Pungut2, Sanudin Tahir2, Baba Musta1 & Hardianshah Saleh2
*junaidi@ums.edu.my
1Small Island Research Centre (SRIC)
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources (FSSA)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)

2Geology Programme
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources (FSSA)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)

ABSTRACT A research has been conducted at Silam Coast Conservation Area (SCCA) to evaluate the geotourism potential of the geological heritage resources. The study area is located at Silam, Lahad Datu, in the eastern part of Sabah. The SCCA and surrounding area were made up of igneous and sedimentary rocks of ultramafic, gabbro, amphibolite, basaltic dykes, plagiogranites and basaltic rocks capped by red radiolarian chert. It is also known as the Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex which represents the ophiolitic sequence of oceanic crust that formed during Jurassic to Cretaceous around 150-80 million years ago.  In SCCA area, only pillow basalt, lava basalt, chert and minor occurrence of basalt dyke were present. Mid-Miocene tectonic event deformed and uplifted the rock unit. SCCA is a coastal area which also covers few small islands namely Tabun Island and Saranga Island to the northeast of the conservation area in Darvel Bay. The geomorphology and geologic features contribute to the aesthetic values of the area that enhances the scientific values. Two potential geosites have been identified which are Tabun-Saranga islands and Pandanus-Ara beaches that hold unique features of remnant cliff, wave-cut cliff, faults, caves, stacks, tafoni, headland, pocket beach, colluvial beach deposit and remnant of raised coral colonies. Development of this geosites could lead to conservation for sustaining the geological heritage resources as well as contributing to the state’s economy and tourism industry.

Keywords: Geotourism, Silam Coast Conservation Area, SCCA, Tabun,Island, Saranga Island

 

REFERENCES

  • Basir Jasin. 1991. The Sabah Complex – a lithodemic unit (a new name for the Chert Spilite Formation and its ultramafic association). Warta Geologi 17(6): 253-259.
  • Basir Jasin. 2000. Geological significance of radiolarians chert in Sabah. Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia 44: 35-43.
  • Fitch, F.H., 1955. The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Segama Valley and Darvel Bay Area, British Borneo Geological Survey of Malaysia. Memoir 4.
  • Hutchison, C.S. 2005. Geology of North-West Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Hutchison, C.S. 1997. Tectonic framework of the Neogene basins of Sabah. Abstract Geological Society of Malaysia Petroleum Geology Conference 1997.
  • Ibrahim Komoo, Tjia, H.D. & Mohd Shafeea Leman. 2001. Warisan Geologi Malaysia Edisi 4. LESTARI, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Ampang Press Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur.
  • Junaidi Asis & Basir Jasin. 2013. Aptian to Turonian radiolarians from chert blocks in the Kuamut Melange, Sabah, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 42 (5): 561-570.
  • Junaidi Asis & Basir Jasin. 2012. Aptian to Turonian Radiolaria from the Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex, Kunak, Sabah. Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia 58: 89- 96.
  • Zulherry Isnain, Junaidi Asis, Hazerina Pungut, Sanudin Tahir, Baba Musta and Hardianshah Saleh Junaidi Asis & Basir Jasin. 2010. Radiolaria Kapur dalam Kompleks Ofiolit Teluk Darvel di Sungai Sipit Lahundai, Kunak, Sabah. Borneo Science Journal 27: 1 -14.
  • Kerr, P.F., 1977. Optical Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. Kirk, H.J.C. 1962. The geology and mineral resources of the Semporna Peninsula, North Borneo. British Borneo Geological Survey of Malaysia, Memoir 14.
  • Leong K.M., 1974. The geology and mineral resources of the Darvel Bay and Upper Segama area, Sabah. Geological Survey of Malaysia, Memoir, 4: 354p.
  • Leong, K.M. 1977. New age from radiolarian cherts of the Chert-Spilite Formation, Sabah. Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia 8: 109-111.
  • Leong, K.M. 1998. Sabah Crystalline Basement: Spurious radiometric age? Continental?.Warta Geologi, 24: 5-8.
  • Shariff A.K. Omang. 1996a. Sub-ophiolite metamorphic rocks in the Tungku area, Lahad Datu, Eastern Sabah, Malaysia: origin and tectonic significance. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 39: 51-64.
  • Shariff A.K. Omang. 1996b. Petrology and geochemistry of the volcanic roks associated with the Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex, Lahad Datu, eastern Sabah, Malaysia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 39: 51-64.
  • Shariff Abd. Kadir S. Omang, Wan Azmona Wan Mohamed, Sanudin Hj. Tahir & Sahibin A. Rahim, 1992. The Darvel bay Ophiolite Complex, SE Sabah, Malaysia – preliminary interpretations. Warta Geologi 18(3): 81-88.

Download Full Paper Here (Right-Click and Save As.. )