Content

CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF FLAT EEG IMAGES VIA INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY APPROACH
Z. Suzelawati

CLOTH SIMULATION USING AN ENHANCED CATMULL-CLARK SUBDIVISION SCHEME AND COLLISION DETECTION IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
*Tulasii Sivaraja, Abdullah Bade

VISUALISING POINT SOURCE POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION LEVEL DISPERSION USING THE GAUSSIAN MODEL
Choo Khing Onn1, *Zaturrawiah Ali Omar1, Justin Sentian2

PLATE NUMBER RECOGNITION SYSTEMS BASED ON A CONTOURS AND CHARACTER RECOGNITION APPROACH
Chua Jing Yi1, Rechard Lee2, Prof. Madya Dr. Abdullah Bade3

UTILISING FUZZY INTERPOLATION BEZIER CURVES FOR ALPHABET VERIFICATION
Rozaimi Zakaria1*, Soon Yun Yee2

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Z. Suzelawati
Mathematics with Computer Graphics Program, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Corresponding author: suzela@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Image enhancement is an initial step in medical imaging before further processing. It is a process to improve the quality of an image which is affected by the presence of noise. Various approaches such as classical and fuzzy methods are used in the area of image processing to obtain the desired output. However, in this paper, an advanced fuzzy approach for contrast enhancement is used. The method is known as intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and it is implemented on flat EEG (fEEG) input images during epileptic seizures. The output images are displayed with different values of parameter   lambda, . Unsmooth output images occurred as increased.

KEYWORDS. Flat EEG, intuitionistic fuzzy set, hesitation degree, contrast enhancements, medical image processing

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*Tulasii Sivaraja, Abdullah Bade
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
*Corresponding author: tulasii.sivaraja@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Subdivision surface techniques smoothen the surface of any 3D object by splitting the polygons into smaller sub-polygons. However, most methods of subdivision encounter the same problem when dealing with extraordinary points. This project aims is to implement an enhanced Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme and simulated cloth that can detect and identify the collision ofan object against the simulated cloth in a virtual environment. The original Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme was enhanced by manipulating the weights present in the original scheme while adhering to a few rules. The cloth used a mass-spring model to be initialised, and the enhanced subdivision scheme was integrated into this model. Then, the collision detection was performed based on the bounding volume approach, and an appropriate collision response was used to simulate the behaviour of the cloth in real life. Experiments and tests were conducted to evaluate the smoothness ofthe enhanced subdivision scheme and the computation time. The enhanced subdivision scheme was only able to create an acceptably smooth surface until the second iteration ofthe subdivision. On the third iteration, noticeable sharp points were present, which indicated that the enhanced subdivision scheme did not improve the original scheme. Additionally, the execution time for the enhanced subdivision scheme
was insignificantly longer compared to the original scheme for all the levels ofsubdivision. The frame rate test showed that the cloth simulation ran at the average rate of43.572 fps, which was within the acceptable range. In conclusion, this research focuses on creating a cloth simulation that implemented an enhanced Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme and collision detection. However, the proposed enhancement for this scheme can be improved to account for the subdivision at individual cases of extraordinary points.
KEYWORDS. Catmull-Clark subdivision surface; collision detection; cloth simulation; extraordinary points; weights

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Choo Khing Onn1, *Zaturrawiah Ali Omar1, Justin Sentian2
1Mathematics with Computer Graphics Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu Sabah
2Environmental Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu Sabah
*Corresponding author: zatur@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. In this study, we examined the usage of the Gaussian air dispersion model to visualise point source pollutant concentration levels and implemented it in MASPLUME, a newly developed computer software which functioned as an estimation tool application for measuring the concentration level (at ground zero) of a selected pollutant dispersed from a single point source. The identified pollutants were carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. MASPLUME was able to show a twodimensional static air pollution dispersion and concentration level, as well as graphical data for different scenario analysis. Although MASPLUME is in its initial development stage as a comprehensive software, it would still be sufficient as a current teaching and learning aid.

KEYWORDS. Visualisation; Gaussian Model, Air Pollution, Concentration Dispersion, Point Source

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Chua Jing Yi1, Rechard Lee2, Prof. Madya Dr. Abdullah Bade3
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah,
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author : 1jingyi5991@gmail.com, 2rechard@ums.edu.my, 3abade08@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT. License plate recognition system (LPR) plays an important role in intelligent traffic control system. However, most of the existing LPR are complex and hard to implement. The aim of this project is to improve the LPR techniques in terms of speed and accuracy by applying the Connected Component Analysis (CCA) and K-Nearest Neighbour algorithm (KNN). The LPR is divided into three stages which are image pre-processing, character segmentation, and character recognition. First, the input plate image will undergo some image property functions such as omission of noise to enhance the quality of the image. The CCA is applied to segment the characters by drawing rectangle boxes on each character, based on contours to extract the characters into smaller images. These images are then used as query images in character recognition stage. The images are fed to a pre-defined KNN classifier to determine the features of each image and to identify them. Five experiments were carried out to validate the proposed system. Ten Malaysia single row plate images and two foreign plate images were used as the input images on these tests. The findings show that the proposed system has an 80.0% success rate in segmentation, 92.21% accuracy rate in recognition, the optimal K value is 1, and the input image must be in a single row and comprises of a black background and white characters namely letters and digits. In conclusion, a prototype for plate number recognition has been developed with a high success rate in segmentation and a high accuracy in character recognition. Suggested future studies include a focus on segmenting double row license plates and recognizing similar characters.

KEYWORDS. License Plate Recognition, Malaysia license plate surface, Connected Component Analysis, character recognition, K-Nearest neighbour

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Rozaimi Zakaria1*, Soon Yun Yee2
1 ,2Faculty Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.
Corresponding author’s email: rozaimi@ums.edu.my (Tel: 088-320000 ext: 5628, Fax: 088-320223)

ABSTRACT. In this paper, alphabet verification is conducted using fuzzy interpolation Bezier curves. Uncertain data can be defined by using the fuzzy number concept. Firstly, Fuzzification in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers is discussed. Then, the defuzzification process is implemented to produce crisp fuzzy data points. An error is obtained by comparing the defuzzified model of alphabet verification with the crisp model. The small error value obtained indicates that the fuzzy interpolation Bezier curve model is acceptable and can be used in modeling alphabet verification.

KEYWORD. Fuzzy interpolation Bezier curve, alphabet verification, uncertainty data, alpha–cut triangular fuzzy number, defuzzification process

REFERENCES

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• Zakaria, R., Wahab, A. F., & Gobithaasan, R. U. 2014. Fuzzy B-Spline Surface Modeling. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014:8 pages.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Mechanical Performance of Acetate Lacquer from Acacia mangium
-Melissa Sharmah Gilbert Jesuet, Ismawati Palle & Liew Kang Chiang

Physico-Chemical Properties, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Stock in Peat Soil used for Turmeric Cultivation at Kuala Langat Selatan, Selangor, MALAYSIA
- Wan Mohd. Razi, I, A.R. Sahibin, L. Tukimat,  A.R. Zulfahmi, M. S. Mohd. Nizam, T. Fredolin  & T. C. Teng

Solar Car: Brief Review And Challenges
– Ag Sufiyan Abd Hamid and Halim Razali

Performance Of Kapok Fiber Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol Bicomposite By Alkali Treated
– Muhammad Danial Jamat, Jahimin Asik

Formulation Of Polymeric Inhibitor For Viscosity Reduction Of Crude Oil
– S. M. Anisuzzaman^a, M. Rajin, D. Krishnaiah, E. Junny

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Melissa Sharmah Gilbert Jesuet, Ismawati Palle & Liew Kang Chiang

Wood Technology and Industry Program,
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources (Forestry Complex),
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Abstract

Cellulose comprise of about 40–50 % of the composition of wood, making it one of the most abundant organic polymers on earth. Cellulose is very versatile in terms of application, with a wide array of products fabricated, including the chemically modified cellulose derivatives. One of the more prominent and multifaceted derivatives is the cellulose acetate, in which have been used predominantly as cigarette filters, membrane filters, and coating. In this study, the intermediate product, Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate was modified into lacquer to produce a feasible wood coating product. The lacquer underwent a series of tests such as impact, abrasion, adhesion, and hardness to evaluate its mechanical performance. The results of the coating were compared to a similarly formulated acetate lacquer that was produced using commercial cellulose acetate instead as a control. Based on the result, it is shown that Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate lacquer shows a better impact resistance with a rating of 4 as opposed to the commercial cellulose acetate with a rating of 3 with moderate cracking, with an approximate 6% better abrasion resistance and higher hardness rating class. Meanwhile, the commercial cellulose acetate lacquer presents a better adhesion performance with only 5% flaking compared to the 15% flaking of Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate lacquer. The Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate lacquer indicates a novel benefit from the presence of impurities from the intermediate Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate product such as the plasticizing hemicellulose acetate, as well as the hydrophobic lignin.

Keywords: Cellulose acetate, lacquer, wood coating, mechanical properties

REFERENCES

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WAN MOHD. RAZI, I.², *A.R. SAHIBIN¹, L. TUKIMAT²,  A.R. ZULFAHMI², M. S. MOHD. NIZAM^2,3, T. FREDOLIN²  & T. C. TENG^2
1Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
²Center for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM 43600 Bangi, Selangor
³Climate Change Institute, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor

*Corresponding author: sahibin@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT

Measurement of carbon dioxide emissions in peat soil was done in a turmeric cultivation area on August 2009 and January 2010 at Kampung Tumbuk Darat, Kuala Langat Selatan, Selangor. The objective of this research was to determine the quantity of CO₂ emissions from peat soil as well as the carbon stock that is stored in the peat soil. Other parameters that were investigated included soil pH, soil temperature, soil bulk density, soil organic carbon, soil fresh water content, organic matter, humic acid and fulvic acid content. A total of 30 carbon dioxide emission sampling points in rectangular grid arrangement was prepared in a survey plot of 1 hectare. The survey plot was further divided into sub-plots of size 20 m x 25 m. Soil samples were randomly taken at the depth of 0-15 cm to 50-65 cm using an auger. Sampling of CO₂ emissions was done using the static alkali absorption method (Kirita Method). The organic carbon content was determined using the Walkley-Black method, while the humic and fulvic acid content was determined using the basic molecule isolation method. Other soil properties were determined using standard methods of determination. The surface temperature of peat soil was between 28^oC and 30^oC. The bulk density of the area was as low as 0.20 g cm^-3. On the other hand, the soil fresh water content, soil organic matter, and peat soil humic acid was very high. The minimum quantity of CO₂ emissions in the peat soil on August 2009 and January 2010 was 40.92±21.62 t CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 (467.10±246.86 mg CO₂ m^-2 hr^-1) and 41.51±13.41 t CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 (473.86±153.12 mg CO₂ m^-2 hr^-1), respectively. Carbon stock for the month of August 2009 and January 2010, respectively was 297.70 t ha^-1 and 456.60 t ha^-1. T test showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences in many of the soil parameters such as the pH, water content and organic carbon. Correlation analysis showed that CO₂ is influenced by the organic matter, water content and temperature.

Keywords: Humic and fulvic acid, CO₂ emissions, carbon stock, peat soil, turmeric

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Muhammad Danial Jamat, Jahimin Asik^a

^aFaculty Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: danialjamat1994@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.

Raw Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) fibre was initially washed and dried before undergoes chemical treatment. Upon dried, the kapok fibre was bleached and delignified at room temperature, in an acidic solution containing 6% of sulphuric acid and 4% hydrogen peroxide to remove hemicellulose and wax. The treated kapok was filtered and washed thoroughly with distilled water and vacuum dried at 60 ^oC for 10 hours. Finally, the treated kapok was converted to alpha-cellulose (α-cellulose) by alkali treatment. In this step, treated kapok was immersed in 17.5% of sodium hydroxide solution for 30 minutes at a temperature of 50 ^oC to remove alkali-soluble components. The obtained α-cellulose, termed as alkali-treated kapok fiber (AKTF) was filtered, washed thoroughly with distilled water until pH is neutral and vacuum dried at 60 ^oC for 10 hours. In this stage, a certain weight of ATKF (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were mixed with a hot solution of PVA and dried at room temperature. In the mechanical test, ATKF – PVA biocomposite shows an increase in tensile strength and elastic modulus up to 30% content of kapok fibre but drop at 40% kapok loading. The result shows that both ATKF – PVA biocomposite film (30%) were having the highest mechanical properties among the others and was chosen for next characterizations. It is evidence in FTIR spectra that the composites indicate the formation of new hydrogen interaction between kapok fibre and PVA which might help to improve the mechanical properties. As for XRD analysis, the ATKF – PVA biocomposite film (30%) blend was found to be a heterogeneous as the peaks of diffractogram were overlap each other. This is supported by SEM micrograph in which ATKF – PVA biocomposite (30%) show a heterogeneous phase. Additionally, in the TGA data, ATKF – PVA biocomposite (30%) was founded less thermally stable than raw kapok and pure PVA is the least thermally stable among other samples.

KEYWORDS. PVA; Kapok fiber; Biocomposite; Mechanical Properties

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Ag Sufiyan Abd Hamid*¹² and Halim Razali²

¹Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

²Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: pian@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT.

Solar energy is known as renewable and clean source of energy. This tremendous amount of energy is widely used from small portable application to gigawatt size power plant generation. It has been utilized for various off grid or standalone applications including for vehicles. However, the progress of Solar Car (SC) was unsatisfied. Unlike Hydrogen Car (HC) and Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV), there is no commercialize SC marketed yet. Many strategies contributed to the successful of HC and PEV such as supportive policy, taxation, facilities and private involvement. The main component of SC can be simplified and consists of the structure, photovoltaic (PV) module, rechargeable battery pack, electric motor and power management unit. Main issue for SC is how to match between energy require and supply. Researchers are trying to find multiple solution from various aspects. Thirty SC prototypes were developed globally by numerous parties and most of them from academic bodies or universities. The purpose of the development is for solar car racing and to break commercialization boundary. As far as technology is concern, to achieve self-powered SC is quite challenging. The nearest potential solution can be learned from HC and PEV. All these potential solutions must be balance with the other side factor and come with a cost.

KEYWORDS. Solar car; Electric vehicle; Solar energy, Standalone photovoltaic.

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M. Anisuzzaman^a,b*, M. Rajin^b, D. Krishnaiah^b, E. Junny^b
aEnergy Research Unit (ERU),
^bChemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.

^*Corresponding author: anis_zaman@ums.edu.my; dr.anis.ums@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.

Generally, waxes and asphaltenes are classified as solid category which involved with deposition of high-molecular-weighted compounds along pipelines which leads to production issues. This study presents the effect of different mixture concentration consisting of copolymer and solvent on crude oil viscosity in order to find a solution for reduction of wax and asphalthene deposition along the surface of pipelines. There were two proportions used which are ethylene-vinyl acetate 25 (EVA 25), methylcyclohexane (MCH) and paraxylene as first proportion and EVA 40, MCH and paraxylene as second proportion. EVA is a polymer that comprises of linear chain of polyethylene fragment and vinyl acetate molecule which has the ability in controlling the size of formed wax crystals. Laboratory experiments were designed by response surface methodology (RSM) specifically using central composite design (CCD) to formulate ratio and analyzed optimum percentage composition of mixture to obtain a good model. The optimum parameters were 10.02% of EVA 25, 10.00% of MCH and 79.98% of paraxylene for first proportion and 10.00% of EVA 40, 45.78% of MCH and 44.22% of paraxylene for second proportion to minimize the viscosity of crude oil.

KEYWORDS: Crude Oil, Ethylene-vinyl acetate, Methylcyclohexane, Paraxylene, Wax, Response surface methodology (RSM)

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