A REVIEW ON CONSTRUCTED GENETIC CASSETTES IN YEAST FOR RECOMBINANT PROTEIN PRODUCTION
– Sk Amir Hossain1*, Chanchal Mandal1, Toufiq Ahmed1 & S.M Rifat Rahman1

HEAT CONTENT AND BURNING TIME OF TROPICAL PEAT
– Dayang Nur Sakinah Musa*, Rebecca Mishallyne Afat, Melissa Sharmah Gilbert, Kamlisa Uni Kamlun

THE OUTLOOK OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY : REVIEW ON SABAH, MALAYSIA
- Rosalam Sarbatly1, Farhana Abd Lahin2*, Chel-Ken Chiam3

ABOVE AND BELOW-GROUND CARBON STOCK IN Acacia mangium STAND IN SABAH
– Tan Chun Hung 1 , Normah Awang Besar 1* , Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh 2 , Maznah Mahali 1 , Nissanto Masri 3

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL INVESTIGATION AND COMPARISON BETWEEN YOUNG AND MATURE Psidium guajava LEAVES EXTRACT
- TOMMY NATHANIEL NASIRI, SURAYA ABDUL SANI, RAHMATH ABDULLAH, AINOL AZIFA, MOHD FAIK, ROSLINA JAWAN, AND MOHD KHALIZAN SABULLAH*

CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL PALM LEAF PAPER WITH STARCH AS BINDER
- Sabrina Soloi1*, Adib Afifi Mohammad1

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Sk Amir Hossain1 *, Chanchal Mandal1, Toufiq Ahmed1 & S.M Rifat Rahman1
1Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author: isti_99@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT. Conventional methods for covalent immobilization of proteins often result in denaturation due to chemical treatments. However, proteins immobilized at microbial cell surfaces by regular cellular processes could be bound covalently to the cell wall without being exposed to chemical treatment. Yeasts display systems provide several advantages over bacterial system. The secretory and post-translational pathway in yeast, are similar to those of higher eukaryotes which established them as better hosts for production of eukaryotic proteins. The expression of recombinant proteins immobilized at the cell surface ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae has now been practiced for the last two decades. Although different surface display systems have been made for specific purposes, the system with broad applicability has not been developed so far. Most of the vectors constructed for surface display of recombinant proteins in yeast so far were created for single-use in particular case with ubiquitous laboratory plasmids that were not optimized for this purpose. Therefore, the construction of a new set of plasmids with optimized genetic cassette is still in demand. An optimized genetic cassette should allow easy and simple insertion of any gene of interest, with regulated and easily controlled expression level. In this review, we have tried to make a detailed study on all the genetic components used in successful yeast display systems till now in order to provide a good knowledge which will help the future researchers of this field to design an optimized genetic cassette which would be used for industrial scale application.

KEYWORDS: Yeast display system, yeast cell wall proteins, genetic cassette and recombinant protein.

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Dayang Nur Sakinah Musa*, Rebecca Mishallyne Afat, Melissa Sharmah Gilbert, Kamlisa Uni Kamlun

Forestry Complex, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author : dns.m@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Peat composes of organic matter and easily drying out during the dry season. This situation will result in a smouldering fire in peat swamp forest especially with the help of El-Nino phenomenon and eventually will destroy home for endangered species such as Orangutan. It is important in order to study the effect of forest fire on peat thermal properties. The study was conducted in Binsuluk Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia, The aims of this study were to measure the heat of content and burning time of peat at a different level and to find the relationship of the heat of content in Binsuluk Forest Reserve. Samples of burnt peat were taken using an auger at 1.5 m, 2.0 m, 2.5 m and 3.0 m depths. The peat samples were tested for heat of content (MJ Kg-1) and burning time (minutes). Results shown that peat has a higher heat of content at a depth of 3.0 m with 51.652.07 MJ Kg-1 and lower heat of content at 2.5 m depth with 49.600.46 MJ Kg-1. Burnt peat takes longer time recorded at 3.0 m peat depth with mean value of 127.201.88 minutes and the shorter time recorded at the depth of 1.5 m with mean 101.400.51 minutes. Thus, these data suggest that increases in the heat of content of the peat can increase the time for the peat to completely burnt. The heat content and burning time were perhaps influenced by the moisture content of the peat in Binsuluk Forest Reserve with range of moisture content between 209.880.18 % to 1013.511.39 % . The information on thermal properties of peat in Sabah is important for the forest managers and researchers to get an idea of the impact of forest fire on peat and can create better management on the peat swamp forest area.

KEYNOTES: Peat swamp forest, Peat fire, Burning time, Heat of Content

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Rosalam Sarbatly1, Farhana Abd Lahin2*, Chel-Ken Chiam3
1, 2, 3 Membrane Technology Research Group, Material and Mineral Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA

Email: 1rslam@ums.edu.my, 2*farhana.abdlahin@ums.edu.my, 3chiamchelken@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This paper reviews the challenges in the water supply provision, water source availability and quality and the distribution approaches in rural Sabah. The main challenges to provide potable water in Sabah is the variance in terrain and geographical distance between populated regions. Review reveals that other than the river water, average annual precipitation of 3000 millimetres (mm) could be harvested for domestic and agricultural purposes. Numbers of aquifer uncovered in the eastern and western region of Sabah with underlying sandstone and Quaternary Alluvium have significant potential for groundwater reservoirs. Aquifer along the coastal areas and islands around Sabah also gives sufficient potable water supplies. Minimal pollutant content was found in all water sources and acceptable under the National Water Standard of Malaysia, except for contaminants coming from septic tanks and agricultural activities. A decentralized water system is more beneficial for Sabah’s rural areas. Smaller scaled plants are flexible to collect from any water sources and treat at the point of use. Expenditure is significantly decreased by a shorter distribution network and lower installation and maintenance cost. Nonetheless, the treatment utilized may be limited to a simpler process as semiskilled or un-skilled personnel will be required to operate and maintain the system.

KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Malaysia, rainwater, rural area, surface water, water supply

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Tan Chun Hung 1 , Normah Awang Besar 1* , Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh 2 , Maznah Mahali 1 ,
Nissanto Masri 3

1 Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

2 Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan Sungai Batang, Mile 10, 90000, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. 3 Sabah Forest Development Authority (SAFODA) Jalan Gaya, Wisma Perkasa, 88000 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: normabr@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to estimate above and belowground carbon stock in Acacia mangium stands of different silvicultural systems (planted and regeneration) at the Bengkoka Forest Plantation, Pitas, Sabah, Malaysia. Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), and soil organic carbon content (SOC) at depth of 30 cm were quantified. A comparison was done between the two different silvicultural systems of Acacia mangium. A random systematic sampling method was used for conducting the forest inventory. Three circular plots of 0.25 ha were established in each of the Acacia mangium systems. Diameter at breast high (DBH) of every tree was measured using a diameter tape. Shrub layer and organic layer were measured at five randomly selected positions in each plot. Five litter fall traps (1m x 1m) were set up in the same position as the shrub and organic layer. Three holes (25 cm x 25 cm x 30 cm) were dug to get the roots for quantifying the roots biomass and soil for carbon content. The soil bulk density was determined by using undisturbed soil samples collected by using 51 mm diameter ring (100 cc.). The results showed that the total amount of carbon stock was 73.56 t ha-1 and 82.40 t ha-1 for planted and regeneration stands, respectively. The study revealed that the major contributor to total carbon stock for both planted and regeneration Acacia mangium stands was the aboveground biomass with mean values of 46.99 t ha-1 and 53.83 t ha-1 followed by belowground biomass with mean values of 26.57 t ha-1 and 28.57 t ha-1, respectively.

KEYWORDS: Acacia mangium, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, carbon stock, soil organic carbon

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Tommy Nathaniel Nasiri, Suraya Abdul Sani, Rahmath Abdullah, Ainol Azifa Mohd Faik, Roslina Jawan,
and Mohd Khalizan Sabullah*

Biotechnology programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

*Corresponding author : khalizan@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT.Ethnomedicinal properties of Psidium guajava L. , or also known as guava leaves has been known since years ago. Nowadays, a lot of guava leaves-based products emerge in industries such as tea and cosmetic. The aims of this study are to examine and compare the variation in the phytochemical constituent as well as the antimicrobial efficacy of young and mature leaves extract. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of phenol, tannin, terpene, saponin, and flavonoid in the mature leaves methanolic extract. A similar result was obtained in the young leaves extract but no saponin was detected. Total phenols content in young and mature leaves were determined at a total of 31.2 mg and 162 mg GA/g. Both leave extract was carried out to determine the antimicrobial properties by tested against two Grampositive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and one gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enterica) through the disk-diffusion method by employing 40 µL of leaf extract solution per disk. Based on the observation, both young and mature extracts exhibited inhibitory activity (<6.0 mm) against the tested bacteria with different sensitivity. At the concentration of 10 mg/mL, mature leaves extract shows higher efficacy on S. enterica and B. cereus where the inhibitory zone was measured at 9.3 mm and 7.8 mm, respectively, compared to young leaves which is not sensitive to S. aureus but the inhibitory zone on B. cereus around 7.2 mm while S. aureus at 7.2 mm higher than mature leave extract. This can be concluded that the P. guajava mature leave displayed the best to applied as medicinal purposes as its high variety of phytochemical content and high efficacy as antimicrobial activity.

KEYWORDS: Psidium guajava L., extraction, phytochemical, antimicrobial, disk-diffusion method

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Sabrina Soloi1*, Adib Afifi Mohammad1
1Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
*Corresponding author: sabrinas@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. The utilization of agro-based fibre in replacing the wood fibre for pulp and paper making has been the subject of interest due to the abundance of this agro-based fibre as well as to reduce the usage of wood pulp. The presence of cellulose and hemicellulose in acceptable amount for pulp paper makes this agro based fibre an alternative in paper making industry. Previous study has shown that oil palm leaf fibre can be moulded into paper sheet without any binding agent, however, the physical properties ofthe paper were very low compare to other non-wood paper. In this study, the oil palm leaf paper was prepared using 5,8,11 and 14% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with the addition of 5% starch as the binding agent. The incorporation of starch increases the smoothness of the paper. The tear strength of the paper increases with increasing concentration of sodium hydroxide. At higher concentration ofsodium hydroxide, the paper tear index falls within the range of commercial paper tear index. This study proves that the oil palm leaf has the potential to be developed in paper making industry.

KEYWORDS. Agro-based pulp; Oil palm leaf paper; Soda pulping; Binding agent; Surface morphology

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