Author Archives: dazvieo

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INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTE AND LIQUOR RATIO ON EXHAUSTION AND COLOR COORDINATES OF COTTON FABRIC DYED WITH MONO-FUNCTIONAL AND BI-FUNCTIONAL REACTIVE DYES

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Abu Naser Md. Ahsanul Haque

BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email: naser.wg@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Effects of electrolyte and liquor ratio were observed on dyeing of cotton fabric with bi-functional Fluoro Chloro Pyrimidene (FCP), bi-functional Monochlorotriazine-Vinyl Sulphone (MCT-VS) and mono functional Monochlorotriazine (MCT) reactive dyes. For this experiment single joursey knitted fabrics were taken. The selected dyestuffs were Drimarene Yellow K-2R (FCP), Drimarene Red CI-5B (MCT-VS) and Drimarene Navy X-GN (MCT). 1% on the weight of fabric (owf) of each dye was considered for producing 15 single shades by varying the electrolyte amount and liquor ratio. Gluaber salt was used in each dye bath as electrolyte. The post dye liquors were tested in absorbance spectrophotometer (UV 1800) to measure the absorbance of those solutions. Beer-Lambert law was used to get concentration from absorbance and then the exhaustion% was calculated. The dyed fabric samples were tested in a reflectance spectrophotometer (datacolor 650) to get the color coordinates (L*, a*, b*, c*, h*). The results show that FCP dye exhaustion was the best among these three and MCT dye exhaustion was the least but it can be improved by increasing the electrolyte. MCT-VS dye has a tendency to changing its hue in higher electrolyte amount or higher liquor ratios.

KEYWORDS. Electrolyte; Liquor ratio; Chroma; Hue; Exhaustion.

REFERENCES:

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EFFECT OF BASAL MEDIA AND CARBON SOURCES ON CALLUS CULTURE MAINTENANCE OF Vanda dearei

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Roslina Jawan, Gabriela J. Joeplik, Halyena Indan, Mary Magdelina Binti George, & Jualang Azlan Gansau*

School of Science and Technology,
Unit for Orchid Studies, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Email: azlanajg@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Vanda dearei is an endemic orchid of Borneo and has been listed as an endangered orchid in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Vanda dearei has beautiful pale yellow-flowers, large petals and strongly scented. Therefore, in vitro micropropagation has been applied in order to develop a novel micropropagation method to mass produce this species. Through callus culture techniques, orchids with limited resources can be mass propagated in a shorter period. However, callus culture in orchid is hardly maintain due somatic embryogenesis properties and easily regenerated to plantlets. Thus, this study aims to develop an efficient protocol for callus cultures of V. dearei by manipulating basal media strengths and carbon sources. Callus induced from the leaf segments of V. dearei were used as explants and were cultured on KC, Mitra, MS and VW basal medium at different nutrient strengths (1/4, 1/2, 1 and 2x) added with 1.0:0.1 mg/l TDZ:NAA and 1 to 4% (w/v) of sucrose, glucose or fructose, respectively. All cultures were incubated in the dark with temperature of 25±2°C. Results showed that callus growth has improved with decreased nutrients strength of basal media. Quarter strength of Mitra medium promotes the best condition for callus maintenance to approximately 8.00±17.89% at 8 weeks of culture. This is followed by the ½ strength of MS and ¼ strength of VW with 8.00±10.95% and 5.00±10.00%, respectively. Callus grown on the other basal strengths are mainly differentiated and developed into protocorm like bodies (PLBs), especially at double strengths (100±0% explants turn into PLBs). In addition, low percentage of necrosis (less than 28%) was also observed on Mitra basal medium compared to the other media (more than 36%). Sucrose has been identified as the best carbon source to support callus growth followed by glucose and fructose. Addition of 1% (w/v) sucrose increased callus maintenance up to 32±17.9%, promote cell differentiation and increased average size of callus (1.52±0.63 callus score). This treatment also support the longest retention time of explant maintained in callus for 5 weeks and has the lowest percentage of callus necrosis (20±24.5%).

KEYWORDS. Vanda dearei; Orchid; Micropropagation; Callus Maintenance

REFERENCES

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SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE TEMBURUNG FORMATION ALONG BEAUFORT-TENOM RAILWAY, SABAH

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Ismail Abd Rahim

Natural Disasters Research Unit,
School of Sciences & Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Phone: 088 320000 (5734/5999), Fax: 088 435324
Email: arismail@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the stability and to propose preliminary rock cut slope protection and stabilization measures for the Oligocene to Late Miocene Temburung Formation along the Beaufort-Tenom railway, Sabah. Nine (9) slopes were selected for this study. Geological mapping, discontinuity survey, kinematic analysis and prescriptive measures were used in this study. Result of this study conclude that the mode of failures are wedge, planar, circular and complex types. Gunite, soil nails, wire mesh, weep holes, subsurface drainage, slope reprofiling, terracing and surface drainage are proposed stabilization and protection measures for the slope in study area.

KEYWORDS. Temburung Formation, Beaufort-Tenom, Railway, slope stability, mode of failure.

REFERENCES

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SURFACE SEDIMENT ANALYSIS ON HEAVY METALS IN COASTAL AREA OF UMS – TUARAN, SABAH

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Siti Aishah Mohd Ali*, Tan Wei Hsiang, Rohana Tair, Apsa Abdul Naser, & Fatin Sualin

Water Research Unit, School of Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
*Email: ctaishah@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were investigated in surface sediments from Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) – Tuaran coastal area, Sabah. Samples were collected using Ponar grab sampler in ten different stations at the site area. The heavy metals were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) after the surface sediments were digested with aqua regia (HNO3: HCl) solution. The overall mean and range of heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediments were: Cd (0.55, 0.27 – 1.06 mg/kg), Cr (4.93, 1.97 – 10.30 mg/kg), Cu (7.40, 0 – 18.57 mg/kg), Pb (3.88, 0 – 14.4 mg/kg) and Zn (31.84, 11.60 – 67.1 mg/kg) respectively. Overall, the heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments were not exceeded the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) limit except for Cd which a bit higher than 0.7 mg kg-1 indicating considered slightly pollute.

KEYWORDS. Heavy metals, ICP-OES, aqua-regia solution, surface sediments

REFERENCES

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THE PRESENCE OF TOTAL COLIFORM AND FECAL COLIFORM IN THE PRIVATE BEACH RESORT OF SABAH

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Carolyn Payus* & Usha Nandini

Water Research Unit,
Environmental Science Program,
Faculty of Science & Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
*Email: cpayus@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. The research was conducted to determine the hygiene quality of private beach resort seawater in Sabah. Total coliform and fecal coliform were analyzed at five selected sampling locations at the resort located in Kota Kinabalu. Identification was done through the Membrane Filtration Method from APHA standard. The results showed that the highest concentration of total coliform has reached 105 cfu/100ml; and fecal coliform reached up to 92 cfu/100ml. This showed that total coliform and fecal coliform were presence in the private beach of the resort. However, it is still acceptable under Class IIB Malaysian Interim Water Quality Standard whereby both coliform contents were below 5000 cfu/ml for total coliform and 400 cfu/ml for fecal coliform. Thus, it can be concluded that the private beach is still in a good condition and suitable for recreational purposes. Contributing factors to the level of coliform contamination in the private beach of the resort are believed to be related due to the recreational activity and also the improper sanitation from the nearby local housing area. Therefore, to ensure the water quality of private beach is always under control, water quality monitoring should be done continuously to assure the recreational water is safe to be used by many.

KEYWORDS. Total coliform, fecal coliform, membrane filter method, in-situ water quality parameters, water quality monitoring

REFERENCES

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RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED LIQUOR OF WASTEWATER SCREENINGS

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Newati Wid* and Nigel Horan

School of Science & Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
School of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
*Email: newati@ums.edu.my; newati@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Phosphorus is a limited resource which is predicted to be exhausted at some point during the 21st century. However, it is present in wastewaters at concentrations that come close to supplying the nation’s annual requirements for fertiliser. Therefore, this study was conducted to study the potential of wastewater screenings which has received little attention that produced during wastewater treatment, for phosphorus recovery. Many papers have addressed the recovery of phosphate or ammonia as struvite from different type of waste. The most prominent usage of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate) is as a slow-release fertiliser, suitable as replacement for chemical fertiliser, for agricultural application. In this study, digested liquor was obtained from anaerobically digested of wastewater screening. The experiments were carried out with and without chemical amendment to study the feasibility of phosphorus recovery, at different Mg:P molar ratio, i.e. 1.56:1 (without chemical amendment), 2:1 and 3:1 (with chemical amendments). Precipitation at 1.56:1 showed that phosphorus removal efficiency was 68% and recovered 0.52g amorphous calcium carbonate. Precipitation at 2:1 reduced phosphorus removal efficiency to 53% and the recovered solid was found to be calcium phosphate, with 0.33g precipitate. Precipitation at 3:1 was not economically interesting for P recovery as shown by its lowest removal efficiency and highest chemical usage. The results demonstrated that the presence of calcium and carbonate ion in the digested liquor highly interfere with phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite.

KEYWORDS. Phosphorus recovery; wastewater screenings; anaerobically digested liquor; precipitation technique.

REFERENCES

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PERSPECTIVES ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

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Yong Enn Lun

School of Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

ABSTRACT. The objective of this paper is to expose some empirical evidence regarding the relationship between economic development and environmental degradation, as stated by the Environmental Kuznet Curve theory. The issue here concerns specifically one dimension of environmental problems, which is the endangered biodiversity in the context of heavily globalised phenomenon and economic development around the world. Particularly, several groups of endangered biodiversity including bird, fish, mammal, and plant species are focused to represent the biodiversity loss circumstance. The analysis involves the construction of one composite indicator of endangered biodiversity. Scatter plots and correlation tests are used to identify the current status of most countries in terms of biodiversity loss against the international trade. The analysis uses the recent data of 2012 of the biodiversity and four decades of trade data of 180 countries. The paper also suggests four possibilities in which successful conservation of the current global biodiversity ecosystem is possible, but under some challenging pressures.

KEYWORDS. Biodiversity degradation, economics, trade.

REFERENCES

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SOR METHOD FOR THE IMPLICIT FINITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION OF TIME-FRACTIONAL DIFFUSION EQUATIONS

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A. Sunarto*, J. Sulaiman, & A. Saudi

School of Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
School of Engineering and Information Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
Email: andang99@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. In this study, we derive an unconditionally implicit finite difference approximation equation from the discretization of the one-dimensional linear time fractional diffusion equations by using the Caputo’s time fractional derivative. Then this approximation equation hence will be used to generate the corresponding system of linear equations. The approximation solution of the linear system is described via the implementation of Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iterative method. An example of the problem is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of SOR method. The findings of this study show that the proposed iterative method is superior compared with the Gauss-Seidel iterative method.

KEYWORDS. Caputo’s fractional derivative; Implicit Finite Difference Scheme; SOR Method

REFERENCES

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OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES IN SABAH: A REVIEW PAPER

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Fatma Sabariah Alias, Latifah Abd Manaf*, Mariani Ho Nyuk Onn @Ariffin,
Sabrina J. Ho Abdullah

Faculty of Environmental Studies,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor
E-mail: latifahmanaf@upm.edu.my

ABSTRACT. As urbanisation continues takes place, the management of solid waste is becoming a major environmental and public health problem in urban areas. In 2013, solid waste generation in Sabah was 2,062 390 kg/day where the values increase year by year where the waste generation rate in Sabah is 0.7 kg/capita. The amount will keep increasing without the improvement of linkage between government, local councils, collection service providers, traders, recycling centre operators, non-governmental organizations and related stakeholder in planning a proper solid waste management. This paper presents an overview of the solid waste management practices and challenges in Sabah respectively. There are about 23 local authority which responsible in collecting of municipal solid waste from commercial, institutional and residential areas, sweeping of roads and footways, beach and river cleaning and minimization of waste. The solid waste management is involved generation, storage, collection, processing, transfer and transport, disposal and treatment. However, uncollected area, immigrants, squatter villages and lack of human resource and finance has become the challenges to local authority in handling the solid waste management. Thus, solid waste should be manage efficiently due to sustainable environment and create a better quality life.

KEYWORDS. Solid waste, waste generation rate, local authority, solid waste management practices, challenges

REFERENCES:

  • Agamuthu, P., Fauziah, S. H., Khidzir, K. M., Aiza Noorazamimah. 2007. Sustainable Waste Management-Asian Perspectives Proc. International Conferences on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, 5-7th Sept, 2007, Chennai, India. Pp. 15-26.

  • Chua, K. H. 2006. Effort and Initiatives to Enhance Cleanliness in the City of Kota Kinabalu. Paper presented at the Fourth Sabah-Sarawak Environmental Convention, Le Meridien Hotel, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 5th Sept 2006.

  • DOS. 2010. Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims.http://www.statistic.gov.my|http://www.statistic.gov.my accessed on 25 July 2013.

  • Eric, J., Yabi, Y., & Carsten, H. L. 2000. A Report on the State of the Environment in Sabah 2000. State Environment Conservation Department Sabah. Paper presented at the Environmental Convention Kuching, Sarawak. 29-30 June 2000.

  • EPU. 2006. Ninth Malaysian Plan 2006-2010, Chapter 19: Energy and Chapter 21: Urban Services, The Economic Planning Unit. Prime Minister’s Department, Putrajaya.

  • HMGN & MoPE, 2003. Nepal Population Report 2060. Published by His Majesty’s Government of Nepal (HMGN), Ministry of Population and Environment (MoPE) in Nepal.

  • Juin, E. 2001. Keynote Address on Environmental Management in Sabah: Issues and Challenges. Paper presented at the 6th Sabah Inter-Agency Tropical Ecosystem Research Seminar. 13-14 Sept 2001. Kota Kinabalu.

  • Kota Kinabalu City Council http://www.dbkk.gov.my|http://www.dbkk.gov.my accessed on 1 August 2013

  • Latifah, A. M., A., Samah. M.A.A., & Nur IIyana M. Z., 2009. Municipal Solid Waste in Malaysia; Practices and Challenge. Journal Waste Management, 29: 2902-2906.

  • Law of Malaysia Act 672. 2007. Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007. National Solid Waste Management Department.

  • Lim, P. S., Mohd Iskandar, M. A., & Laugesen, C. H. 2002. Solid Waste Disposal in Sabah; Survey Report. Environmental Conservation Department, Sabah.

  • LGD. 2005. National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management. Ministry of Housing and Local Government.

  • Mohammad Raduan Mohd Ariff, 2000. Strategi Pembangunan dan Pola Perubahan Petempatan Kampong Air di Pulau Borneo. Beriga, 68: 41-59.

  • Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 2013. Statistic on Average of Solid Waste Generation in Each State. http://www.kpkt.gov.my|http://www.kpkt.gov.my accessed on 15 October 2013.

  • Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 2013. Landfill Site by State (Operating and Non Operating. http://www.kpkt.gov.my|http://www.kpkt.gov.my accessed on 15 October 2013.

  • NSD. 2012. Strong Economic Growth for Sabah. http://www.statistic.gov.my|http://www.statistic.gov.my accessed on 5 July 2013.

  • Ramachandra, T. V., & Saira, V. K. 2004. Environmentally Sound Options for E-Waste Management. Envis Journal of Human Settlements, 5 March.

  • Sakawi, Z. 2011. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Solution for Sustainable Waste Management. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, 6 (1): 29-38.

  • STB. 2007. Sabah Visitor Arrival by Nationality. http://www.sabah.gov.my|http://www.sabah.gov.my accessed on 15 September 2013.

  • Sandakan Municipal Council. 2010. (Anti-Litter) By-Laws, 1984, repealed by Uniform (Anti- Litter) By-laws, 2010. http://www.mps.gov.my|http://www.mps.gov.my accessed on 1 August 2013.

  • Tawau Municipal Council. 2010. (Anti-Litter) By-Laws, 1984, repealed Uniform (Anti-Litter) By-Laws, 2010. http://www.mpt.gov.my|http://www.mpt.gov.my accessed on 1 August 2013.

  • Tchobanoglous, G. H., & Theisen, S. A. 1993. Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. McGraw Hill International Editions, Civil Engineering Series 6. Mcgraw Hill Inc., Singapore.

  • Tarmudi, Z., Lazim. M. A., & Abu Osman, M. T. 2009. An Overview of Municipal Solid Wastes Generation in Malaysia. Jurnal Teknologi, 51 (F): 1-15.

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TENOM TUNNEL SUPPORT ESTIMATE BY THE ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

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Ismail Abd Rahim & Sanudin Tahir

Natural Disasters Research Unit,
School of Science and Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Email: arismail@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT.Objectives of this study are to determine the rock mass quality and support estimate for a single lane railway tunnel by using rock mass classification system at km 137.1 Tenom, Sabah. The study area is underlain by the Late Eocene – Early Miocene Crocker Formation. Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Rock Mass Quality (Q) systems are selected rock mass classification for this study. Field study includes geological mapping and discontinuity survey. Laboratory analysis are petrographic study and point load test. Data analysis are kinematic analysis and RSR, RMR and Q systems parameter values evaluation and calculation. The result shows that rock mass quality of RSR, RMR and Q systems are 80, 77 (good) and 2.12 (poor), respectively. Support estimate for RSR is 25mm diameter spot rock bolts. RMR are 20mm diameter, 3m length and 2.5m spacing systematic rock bolts with occasional wire mesh and 50mm shotcrete on crown. Installation of steel sets are unnecessary. Support estimate for Q system are 1.5 space of systematic rock bolts with 5cm shotcrete and 1.6-2m space without shotcrete on crown and wall, respectively. Thus, support estimate based on rock mass classification for the tunnel in study area are 20mm diameter, 3m length and 2m spacing of rock bolts, 50mm thick shotcrete on crown and weep hole in western section.

KEYWORDS. Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q system, Crocker Formation, Tenom.

REFERENCES:

  • Barton, N., Lien, R., & Lunde, F. J. 1974. Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support. Rock Mechanics, 6 (4): 189-236.

  • Bieniawski, Z. T. 1989. Engineering Rock Mass Classifications. Wiley, New York, 248 p.

  • Bieniawski, Z. T. 1976. Rock Mass Classification in Rock Engineering. In: Bieniawski, Z. T. (Ed). proc. of the symp. exploration for rock engineering, 1, Cape Town, Balkema, pp. 97-106.

  • Deere, D. U., Hendron, A. J., Patton, F. D. & Cording, E. J. 1967. Design of surface and near surface construction in rock. In: Fairhurst, C (Ed.) Failure and breakage of rock. Proc. 8th U.S. symp. rock mech., New York. Soc. Min. Engrs, Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Petroleum Engineers, pp. 237-302.

  • Grimstand, E. & Barton, N. 1993. Updating of the Q-system for NMT. Proceeding of the International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete, Fagernes, Norway, pp. 46-66.

  • International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM), 1981. Rock characterization, testing and monitoring. In: Brown, E. T. (Ed.). ISRM suggested methods. Pergamon press, Oxford.

  • International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM), 2007. The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974-2006. In: Ulusay, R. & Hudson, J. A. (Ed.). Suggested Methods prepared by ISRM Commission on Testing Methods. Ankara, Turkey.

  • Ismail Abd Rahim, Sanudin Tahir, Baba Musta and Shariff A. K. Omang. 2009. Lithological Unit Thickness Approach for determining intact rock strength (IRS) for slope forming rock material of Crocker Formation. Borneo Science. 25, pp. 23-32.

  • Ismail Abd Rahim. 2011. Rock mass classification of the Crocker Formation for rock slope engineering purposes, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. PhD Thesis. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

  • Markland, J. T. 1972. A useful technique for estimating the stability of rock slopes when the rigid wedge slide type of failure is expected. Imperial College Rock Mechanics Research Reprint, no. 9.

  • Wickham, G. E., Tiedemann, H. R. & Skinner, E. H. 1972. Support determination based on geologic predictions. In: Lane, K. S. & Garfield, L. A.(Eds). Prosiding North American Rapid Excavation & Tunneling Conference (RETC), Chicago. 1. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, pp. 43–64.

  • Palmstorm, A. & Broch, E. 2006. Use and misuse of rock mass classification systems with particular reference to the Q-system. Tunnels and Underground Space Technology, pp. 575-593.

  • Palmstorm, A., Blindheim, O. T. & Broch, E. 2002. The Q system – possibilities and limitation (in Norwegian). Proceeding of Norwegian national Conference on Tunnelling, Norwegian Tunnelling Association, pp. 41.1-41.43.

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CLIMATE CHANGE SIMULATIONS IN TERMS OF SOLAR RADIATION AND CLOUD FRACTION BASED ON PRECIS OVER MALAYSIA REGION

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Steven S.K. Kong*, Justin Sentian

Climate Change Research Group,
School of Science and Technology,
University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Email: kongksk@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.Climate change is a significant change of weather pattern over a long period of time. Malaysia can be vulnerable to such impact, since economics of this region are strongly relies on agriculture and natural sources. This paper simulated the solar radiation and total cloud fraction for Malaysia by the end of 21st century based on the A2 and the B2 scenarios by utilizing the latest generation of the Hadley Centre regional climate modeling system, PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies). Relative to the baseline scenario, the average increase in solar radiation was by 5 – 12Wm^(-2) under the A2 scenario and by 3 – 10Wm^(-2) under the B2 scenario. The changes were significant at 95% confidence level across most of the land area. The average total fraction over Malaysia was projected to reduce by 0.14 to 0.032 under the A2 scenario and 0.11 to 0.0057 under the B2 scenario compared to the baseline scenario. Significant changes were observed over whole domain of investigation during DJF (December-January-February) under both scenarios. Study results suggest that a significant change in climate variability may potentially increase the climate-related risks such as air quality impact and vulnerability in the region.

KEYWORDS. Climate Changes, Cloud Fraction, Malaysia, PRECIS, Solar Radiation

REFERENCES:

  • Ahrens, C. D. 2009. Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather Climate and the Environment Ninth Edition. Belmont: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

  • Giorgi, F. & Bi, X. 2005. Regional Changes in Surface Climate Interannual Variability for the 21st Century from Ensembles of Global Model Simulations.Geophyisical Research Letter, 32(13): L13701, doi:10.1029/2005GL023002.

  • Gordon, C. C., Cooper C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H., Gregory, J. M., Mitchell, J. F.B.,& Wood, R. A. 2000. The Simulation of SST, Sea Ice Extents and Ocean Heat Transport in a Version of the Hadley Centre Coupled Model without Flux Adjustment. Climate Dynamics, 16:147-168.

  • Hudson, D. A. & Jones, R. G. 2002.Regional Climate Model Simulations of Present-day and Future Climate over Southern Africa using HadAM3H. Hadley Centre Techncal Note 38, Met. Office, UK.

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).2000. Emissions Scenarios. (Eds. N. Nakicenovic et al.)Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning (eds.)].Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

  • Jones, R. G., Noguer, M., Hassel, D. C., Hudson, D., Wilson, S. S., Jenkins, G. J., &Mitchell, J. F. B. 2004.Generating High Resolution Climate Change Scenarios using PRECIS.Met Office Hadley Centre. Exeter.

  • Klemen, B. 2006.Climate Change Scenarios for Macedonia.Report from University of Nova Gorcia, Centre For Atmospheric Research. Slovenia.

  • Marengo, J. A., Jones, R., Alves, L. M., and Valverde, M. C. 2009.Future Change of Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in South America as derived from the PRECIS Regional Climate Modeling System, International Journal of Climatology, 29(15): 2241-2255, DOI: 10.1002/joc.1863.

  • McGregor, J. L., Katzfey, J. J.,& Nguyen, K. C. 1998.Fine Resolution Simulations of Climate Change for Southeast Asia. Final Report for a Research Project commissioned by Southeast Asian Regional Committee for START (SARCS), Aspendale, Vic.: CSIRO Atmospheric Research. VI, 15, 35pp.

  • Mearns, L. O., Giorgi, F., McDaniel, L.,& Shields, C. 2003.Climate Scenarios for the Southeastern United States. Climate Change,60:7-35.

  • Met Office. 2002. PRECIS-Update 2002 Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies. Hadley Centre London Road Bracknell Berkshire RG12 2SY United Kingdom.

  • Met Office. 2010. The PRECIS Regional Climate Modelling System. PRECIS Tutorials: Worksheets from the UK PRECIS Workshop 2010. September 2010, University of Reading, United Kingdom.

  • Ojha, S. & Kumar, A. 2010.A Pilot Study to Develop Forecasting Models for Predicting Hourly Ozone Concentration near Cincinnati, Ohio. Advances in Environmental Research, Vol. 8, Chapter 9, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

  • Sentian, J. & Kong, S. S. K. 2013.High Resolution Climate Change Projection Under SRES A2 Scenario during Summer and Winter Monsoons over Southeast Asia using PRECIS Regional Climate Modeling system. SIJ Transactions on Computer Science Engineering & its Applications (CSEA), The Standard International Journals (The SIJ), 1(4):163-173.

  • Sentian, J., MacKenzie, R. A.,& Hewitt, C. N. 2009.Regional Climate Change Modelling in Southeast Asia: Technical report No. 3/7.Lancaster Environmental Centre.University of Lancaster.

  • Uppala, S. M., KÅllberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Da Costa Bechtold, V., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., Van De Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Hólm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., Mcnally, A. P., Mahfouf, J. F., Morcrette, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J., 2005. The ERA-40 Re-analysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 131: 2961-3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.176.

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THREATS OF FISHING GEARS ON TURTLES IN PROPOSED TUN MUSTAPHA PARK, KUDAT, SABAH

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Jessie Beliku* & Ejria Saleh

Department of Fisheries-Sabah,
Wisma Pertanian Sabah, Level 4, Block B, Jl. Tasik Luyang,
88624 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Borneo Marine Research Institute,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu,Sabah, Malaysia.

ABSTRACT. The northern part of Sabah is largely formed by the proposed Tun Mustapha Park (TMP). It is also as a part of Priority Conservation Areas (PCA) in the Malaysian side of Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion (SSME) and known as Kudat-Banggi PCA. It has been recognized to be one of globally significant and outstanding in term of marine ecosystems, biodiversity and identified as a route for turtle from the South China Sea to Sulu Sea. Fisheries activities are among the important source of income to coastal communities and have contributed to higher fish and prawn landing in Sabah. The objective of this study is to access fisheries activities and their impact on turtles. The study was carried out through a combination of survey interviews and observation field trips on fishing boats. Interviews were conducted to the main fishing gears (gill nets, shrimp and fish trawl net) used within this area from October 2007 to October 2008 (one year). Onboard observations on gill net fishing field trips near the main town of Banggi, Karakit and coastal villages were carried out between October 2008 and March 2009. As results, 79 fishers operating with gill nets were interviewed while 95 and 41 fishers working on board shrimp trawl net and fish trawl net boats, respectively. There was 116 gill net fishing field trips have been carried out. Turtles were sighted within the fishing grounds and an estimated maximumtotal of 1326.6 turtles per year are accidently catch by fishers. Turtle bycatch was 66.1% from gillnets, 25.9% from fish trawl net and 8% by shrimp trawl. Most turtles reported to be bycatch by fishing gears were located in near shore waters of the islands which are important as fishing ground in TMP. The information gathered from this study support the establishment of the proposed TMP which is importance for the planning and future management plan of the area. Also, the information on status of the fishing gears used by the fishers is needed for marine resources conservation program to the coastal communities.

KEYWORDS. Fisheries activities, turtles, bycatch, fishing ground, Tun Mustapha Park

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