Tan Chun Hung 1 , Normah Awang Besar 1* , Mohamadu Boyie Jalloh 2 , Maznah Mahali 1 ,
Nissanto Masri 3

1 Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

2 Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan Sungai Batang, Mile 10, 90000, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. 3 Sabah Forest Development Authority (SAFODA) Jalan Gaya, Wisma Perkasa, 88000 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: normabr@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to estimate above and belowground carbon stock in Acacia mangium stands of different silvicultural systems (planted and regeneration) at the Bengkoka Forest Plantation, Pitas, Sabah, Malaysia. Aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB), and soil organic carbon content (SOC) at depth of 30 cm were quantified. A comparison was done between the two different silvicultural systems of Acacia mangium. A random systematic sampling method was used for conducting the forest inventory. Three circular plots of 0.25 ha were established in each of the Acacia mangium systems. Diameter at breast high (DBH) of every tree was measured using a diameter tape. Shrub layer and organic layer were measured at five randomly selected positions in each plot. Five litter fall traps (1m x 1m) were set up in the same position as the shrub and organic layer. Three holes (25 cm x 25 cm x 30 cm) were dug to get the roots for quantifying the roots biomass and soil for carbon content. The soil bulk density was determined by using undisturbed soil samples collected by using 51 mm diameter ring (100 cc.). The results showed that the total amount of carbon stock was 73.56 t ha-1 and 82.40 t ha-1 for planted and regeneration stands, respectively. The study revealed that the major contributor to total carbon stock for both planted and regeneration Acacia mangium stands was the aboveground biomass with mean values of 46.99 t ha-1 and 53.83 t ha-1 followed by belowground biomass with mean values of 26.57 t ha-1 and 28.57 t ha-1, respectively.

KEYWORDS: Acacia mangium, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, carbon stock, soil organic carbon

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Tommy Nathaniel Nasiri, Suraya Abdul Sani, Rahmath Abdullah, Ainol Azifa Mohd Faik, Roslina Jawan,
and Mohd Khalizan Sabullah*

Biotechnology programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

*Corresponding author : khalizan@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT.Ethnomedicinal properties of Psidium guajava L. , or also known as guava leaves has been known since years ago. Nowadays, a lot of guava leaves-based products emerge in industries such as tea and cosmetic. The aims of this study are to examine and compare the variation in the phytochemical constituent as well as the antimicrobial efficacy of young and mature leaves extract. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of phenol, tannin, terpene, saponin, and flavonoid in the mature leaves methanolic extract. A similar result was obtained in the young leaves extract but no saponin was detected. Total phenols content in young and mature leaves were determined at a total of 31.2 mg and 162 mg GA/g. Both leave extract was carried out to determine the antimicrobial properties by tested against two Grampositive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and one gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enterica) through the disk-diffusion method by employing 40 µL of leaf extract solution per disk. Based on the observation, both young and mature extracts exhibited inhibitory activity (<6.0 mm) against the tested bacteria with different sensitivity. At the concentration of 10 mg/mL, mature leaves extract shows higher efficacy on S. enterica and B. cereus where the inhibitory zone was measured at 9.3 mm and 7.8 mm, respectively, compared to young leaves which is not sensitive to S. aureus but the inhibitory zone on B. cereus around 7.2 mm while S. aureus at 7.2 mm higher than mature leave extract. This can be concluded that the P. guajava mature leave displayed the best to applied as medicinal purposes as its high variety of phytochemical content and high efficacy as antimicrobial activity.

KEYWORDS: Psidium guajava L., extraction, phytochemical, antimicrobial, disk-diffusion method

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Sabrina Soloi1*, Adib Afifi Mohammad1
1Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
*Corresponding author: sabrinas@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. The utilization of agro-based fibre in replacing the wood fibre for pulp and paper making has been the subject of interest due to the abundance of this agro-based fibre as well as to reduce the usage of wood pulp. The presence of cellulose and hemicellulose in acceptable amount for pulp paper makes this agro based fibre an alternative in paper making industry. Previous study has shown that oil palm leaf fibre can be moulded into paper sheet without any binding agent, however, the physical properties ofthe paper were very low compare to other non-wood paper. In this study, the oil palm leaf paper was prepared using 5,8,11 and 14% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with the addition of 5% starch as the binding agent. The incorporation of starch increases the smoothness of the paper. The tear strength of the paper increases with increasing concentration of sodium hydroxide. At higher concentration ofsodium hydroxide, the paper tear index falls within the range of commercial paper tear index. This study proves that the oil palm leaf has the potential to be developed in paper making industry.

KEYWORDS. Agro-based pulp; Oil palm leaf paper; Soda pulping; Binding agent; Surface morphology

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Content

CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF FLAT EEG IMAGES VIA INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY APPROACH
Z. Suzelawati

CLOTH SIMULATION USING AN ENHANCED CATMULL-CLARK SUBDIVISION SCHEME AND COLLISION DETECTION IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
*Tulasii Sivaraja, Abdullah Bade

VISUALISING POINT SOURCE POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION LEVEL DISPERSION USING THE GAUSSIAN MODEL
Choo Khing Onn1, *Zaturrawiah Ali Omar1, Justin Sentian2

PLATE NUMBER RECOGNITION SYSTEMS BASED ON A CONTOURS AND CHARACTER RECOGNITION APPROACH
Chua Jing Yi1, Rechard Lee2, Prof. Madya Dr. Abdullah Bade3

UTILISING FUZZY INTERPOLATION BEZIER CURVES FOR ALPHABET VERIFICATION
Rozaimi Zakaria1*, Soon Yun Yee2

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Z. Suzelawati
Mathematics with Computer Graphics Program, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Corresponding author: suzela@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. Image enhancement is an initial step in medical imaging before further processing. It is a process to improve the quality of an image which is affected by the presence of noise. Various approaches such as classical and fuzzy methods are used in the area of image processing to obtain the desired output. However, in this paper, an advanced fuzzy approach for contrast enhancement is used. The method is known as intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and it is implemented on flat EEG (fEEG) input images during epileptic seizures. The output images are displayed with different values of parameter   lambda, . Unsmooth output images occurred as increased.

KEYWORDS. Flat EEG, intuitionistic fuzzy set, hesitation degree, contrast enhancements, medical image processing

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*Tulasii Sivaraja, Abdullah Bade
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
*Corresponding author: tulasii.sivaraja@gmail.com

ABSTRACT. Subdivision surface techniques smoothen the surface of any 3D object by splitting the polygons into smaller sub-polygons. However, most methods of subdivision encounter the same problem when dealing with extraordinary points. This project aims is to implement an enhanced Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme and simulated cloth that can detect and identify the collision ofan object against the simulated cloth in a virtual environment. The original Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme was enhanced by manipulating the weights present in the original scheme while adhering to a few rules. The cloth used a mass-spring model to be initialised, and the enhanced subdivision scheme was integrated into this model. Then, the collision detection was performed based on the bounding volume approach, and an appropriate collision response was used to simulate the behaviour of the cloth in real life. Experiments and tests were conducted to evaluate the smoothness ofthe enhanced subdivision scheme and the computation time. The enhanced subdivision scheme was only able to create an acceptably smooth surface until the second iteration ofthe subdivision. On the third iteration, noticeable sharp points were present, which indicated that the enhanced subdivision scheme did not improve the original scheme. Additionally, the execution time for the enhanced subdivision scheme
was insignificantly longer compared to the original scheme for all the levels ofsubdivision. The frame rate test showed that the cloth simulation ran at the average rate of43.572 fps, which was within the acceptable range. In conclusion, this research focuses on creating a cloth simulation that implemented an enhanced Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme and collision detection. However, the proposed enhancement for this scheme can be improved to account for the subdivision at individual cases of extraordinary points.
KEYWORDS. Catmull-Clark subdivision surface; collision detection; cloth simulation; extraordinary points; weights

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Choo Khing Onn1, *Zaturrawiah Ali Omar1, Justin Sentian2
1Mathematics with Computer Graphics Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu Sabah
2Environmental Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu Sabah
*Corresponding author: zatur@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. In this study, we examined the usage of the Gaussian air dispersion model to visualise point source pollutant concentration levels and implemented it in MASPLUME, a newly developed computer software which functioned as an estimation tool application for measuring the concentration level (at ground zero) of a selected pollutant dispersed from a single point source. The identified pollutants were carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. MASPLUME was able to show a twodimensional static air pollution dispersion and concentration level, as well as graphical data for different scenario analysis. Although MASPLUME is in its initial development stage as a comprehensive software, it would still be sufficient as a current teaching and learning aid.

KEYWORDS. Visualisation; Gaussian Model, Air Pollution, Concentration Dispersion, Point Source

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Chua Jing Yi1, Rechard Lee2, Prof. Madya Dr. Abdullah Bade3
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, University Malaysia Sabah,
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*Corresponding author : 1jingyi5991@gmail.com, 2rechard@ums.edu.my, 3abade08@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT. License plate recognition system (LPR) plays an important role in intelligent traffic control system. However, most of the existing LPR are complex and hard to implement. The aim of this project is to improve the LPR techniques in terms of speed and accuracy by applying the Connected Component Analysis (CCA) and K-Nearest Neighbour algorithm (KNN). The LPR is divided into three stages which are image pre-processing, character segmentation, and character recognition. First, the input plate image will undergo some image property functions such as omission of noise to enhance the quality of the image. The CCA is applied to segment the characters by drawing rectangle boxes on each character, based on contours to extract the characters into smaller images. These images are then used as query images in character recognition stage. The images are fed to a pre-defined KNN classifier to determine the features of each image and to identify them. Five experiments were carried out to validate the proposed system. Ten Malaysia single row plate images and two foreign plate images were used as the input images on these tests. The findings show that the proposed system has an 80.0% success rate in segmentation, 92.21% accuracy rate in recognition, the optimal K value is 1, and the input image must be in a single row and comprises of a black background and white characters namely letters and digits. In conclusion, a prototype for plate number recognition has been developed with a high success rate in segmentation and a high accuracy in character recognition. Suggested future studies include a focus on segmenting double row license plates and recognizing similar characters.

KEYWORDS. License Plate Recognition, Malaysia license plate surface, Connected Component Analysis, character recognition, K-Nearest neighbour

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Rozaimi Zakaria1*, Soon Yun Yee2
1 ,2Faculty Science and Natural Resources,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.
Corresponding author’s email: rozaimi@ums.edu.my (Tel: 088-320000 ext: 5628, Fax: 088-320223)

ABSTRACT. In this paper, alphabet verification is conducted using fuzzy interpolation Bezier curves. Uncertain data can be defined by using the fuzzy number concept. Firstly, Fuzzification in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers is discussed. Then, the defuzzification process is implemented to produce crisp fuzzy data points. An error is obtained by comparing the defuzzified model of alphabet verification with the crisp model. The small error value obtained indicates that the fuzzy interpolation Bezier curve model is acceptable and can be used in modeling alphabet verification.

KEYWORD. Fuzzy interpolation Bezier curve, alphabet verification, uncertainty data, alpha–cut triangular fuzzy number, defuzzification process

REFERENCES

• Wahab, A.F. 2008. Pemodelan Geometri Menggunakan Teori Set Kabur, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
• Karim, N. A. A., Wahab, A. F., Gobithaasan, R. U., & Zakaria, R. 2013. Model of Fuzzy B-Spline Interpolation For Fuzzy Data. Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences (FJMS) 72 (2):269- 280.
• Roslan, N. & Yahya, Z. R. 2015. Pembinaan Semula Fon dengan Bezier Kubik Menggunakan Evolusi Pembezaan. Sains Malaysiana 44 (8):1203-1208.
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• Zadeh, L. 1965. Fuzzy Sets. Information and Control 8:338-353.
• Zakaria, R. 2010. Pemodelan Interpolasi Splin Bezier Kabur, Jabatan Matematik, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
• Zakaria, R. and Wahab, A. F. 2012. Fuzzy B-spline Modeling of Uncertainty Data. Applied Mathematical Sciences 6 (140):6971-6991.
• Zakaria, R. 2014. Pemodelan Titik Data Kabur Teritlak. Sains Malaysiana 43 (5):799-805.
• Zakaria, R., Wahab, A. F., & Gobithaasan, R. U. 2014. Fuzzy B-Spline Surface Modeling. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014:8 pages.
• Zakaria, R., Wahab, A. F., & Gobithaasan, R. U. 2016. The Series of Fuzzified Fuzzy Bezier Curve. Jurnal Teknologi 78 (2-2).

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Mechanical Performance of Acetate Lacquer from Acacia mangium
-Melissa Sharmah Gilbert Jesuet, Ismawati Palle & Liew Kang Chiang

Physico-Chemical Properties, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Stock in Peat Soil used for Turmeric Cultivation at Kuala Langat Selatan, Selangor, MALAYSIA
- Wan Mohd. Razi, I, A.R. Sahibin, L. Tukimat,  A.R. Zulfahmi, M. S. Mohd. Nizam, T. Fredolin  & T. C. Teng

Solar Car: Brief Review And Challenges
– Ag Sufiyan Abd Hamid and Halim Razali

Performance Of Kapok Fiber Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohol Bicomposite By Alkali Treated
– Muhammad Danial Jamat, Jahimin Asik

Formulation Of Polymeric Inhibitor For Viscosity Reduction Of Crude Oil
– S. M. Anisuzzaman^a, M. Rajin, D. Krishnaiah, E. Junny

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Melissa Sharmah Gilbert Jesuet, Ismawati Palle & Liew Kang Chiang

Wood Technology and Industry Program,
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources (Forestry Complex),
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Abstract

Cellulose comprise of about 40–50 % of the composition of wood, making it one of the most abundant organic polymers on earth. Cellulose is very versatile in terms of application, with a wide array of products fabricated, including the chemically modified cellulose derivatives. One of the more prominent and multifaceted derivatives is the cellulose acetate, in which have been used predominantly as cigarette filters, membrane filters, and coating. In this study, the intermediate product, Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate was modified into lacquer to produce a feasible wood coating product. The lacquer underwent a series of tests such as impact, abrasion, adhesion, and hardness to evaluate its mechanical performance. The results of the coating were compared to a similarly formulated acetate lacquer that was produced using commercial cellulose acetate instead as a control. Based on the result, it is shown that Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate lacquer shows a better impact resistance with a rating of 4 as opposed to the commercial cellulose acetate with a rating of 3 with moderate cracking, with an approximate 6% better abrasion resistance and higher hardness rating class. Meanwhile, the commercial cellulose acetate lacquer presents a better adhesion performance with only 5% flaking compared to the 15% flaking of Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate lacquer. The Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate lacquer indicates a novel benefit from the presence of impurities from the intermediate Acacia mangium-produced cellulose acetate product such as the plasticizing hemicellulose acetate, as well as the hydrophobic lignin.

Keywords: Cellulose acetate, lacquer, wood coating, mechanical properties

REFERENCES

• ASTM. (2005). D3363 Standard Test Methods for Film Hardness by Pencil Test. United States: ASTM International
• ASTM. (2012). D2486 Standard Test Methods for Scrub Resistance of Wall Paints. United States: ASTM International
• ASTM. (2012). D3359 Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test. United States: ASTM International
• Cheng, H. N., Dowd, M. K., Selling, G. W., & Biswas, A. (2010). Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate from Cotton Byproducts. Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 80 (2): Pg. 449-452.
• Egot, M. P. & Alguno, A. C. (2018). Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate from Pineapple. Key Engineering Materials 772:8-12.
• Gilbert, M. S., Palle, I, Liew, K. C. & Md. Salim, R. (2013). Chemical Composition of Acacia mangium Wood Fiber and Pulp. Proceedings of the International Forestry Graduate Students’ Conference. Pg. 84-86.
• Gilbert, M.S. & Palle, I. (2013). Cellulose Acetate Production from Acacia mangium Pulp. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Vol. 58. Pg. 115-119.
• Indian Standard. (2002). IS 5807 Part 6: Methods of Test for Clear Finishes for Wooden Furniture. Painting, Varnishing, and Allied Finishes Sectional Committee. India: Indian Standards Institution.
• Kakroodi, A. R. & Sain, M. (2016). Lignin-Reinforced Rubber Composites. Lignin in Polymer Composites. Pg. 195-206.
• Ma, R., Pekarovicova, A., Fleming III, P. D., & Husovska, V. (2017). Preparation and Characterization of Hemicellulose-Based Printable Films. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology Vol. 51 (9-10). Pg. 939-948.
• Ma, X. M., Lu, R., & Miyakoshi, T. (2014). Application of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometry in Lacquer Research: A Review. Polymers Vol. 6: Pg. 132-144.
• Müller, M., Hrabě, P., Chotěborský, R., Herák, D. (2006). Evaluation of Factors Influencing Adhesive Bond Strength. Research in Agricultural Engineering Vol. 52 (1). Pg. 30-37.
• Shaikh, H. M., Pandare, K. V., Nair, G., Varma, A. J. (2009). Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose for Producing Cellulose Acetates: Novel Use of Residual Hemicellulose as Plasticizer. Carbohydrate Polymers Vol. 76 (1). Pg. 23-29.
• Swain, R. C., & Adams, P. (1940). Cellulose Acetate Coating Compositions. U.S. Patent No. 2426379: United States Patent Office.
• Zorll, U. (2006). Adhesion Testing. Coatings Technology: Fundamentals, Testing, and Processing Techniques. United States: CRC Press.

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WAN MOHD. RAZI, I.², *A.R. SAHIBIN¹, L. TUKIMAT²,  A.R. ZULFAHMI², M. S. MOHD. NIZAM^2,3, T. FREDOLIN²  & T. C. TENG^2
1Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
²Center for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM 43600 Bangi, Selangor
³Climate Change Institute, UKM, 43600 Bangi, Selangor

*Corresponding author: sahibin@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT

Measurement of carbon dioxide emissions in peat soil was done in a turmeric cultivation area on August 2009 and January 2010 at Kampung Tumbuk Darat, Kuala Langat Selatan, Selangor. The objective of this research was to determine the quantity of CO₂ emissions from peat soil as well as the carbon stock that is stored in the peat soil. Other parameters that were investigated included soil pH, soil temperature, soil bulk density, soil organic carbon, soil fresh water content, organic matter, humic acid and fulvic acid content. A total of 30 carbon dioxide emission sampling points in rectangular grid arrangement was prepared in a survey plot of 1 hectare. The survey plot was further divided into sub-plots of size 20 m x 25 m. Soil samples were randomly taken at the depth of 0-15 cm to 50-65 cm using an auger. Sampling of CO₂ emissions was done using the static alkali absorption method (Kirita Method). The organic carbon content was determined using the Walkley-Black method, while the humic and fulvic acid content was determined using the basic molecule isolation method. Other soil properties were determined using standard methods of determination. The surface temperature of peat soil was between 28^oC and 30^oC. The bulk density of the area was as low as 0.20 g cm^-3. On the other hand, the soil fresh water content, soil organic matter, and peat soil humic acid was very high. The minimum quantity of CO₂ emissions in the peat soil on August 2009 and January 2010 was 40.92±21.62 t CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 (467.10±246.86 mg CO₂ m^-2 hr^-1) and 41.51±13.41 t CO₂ ha^-1 yr^-1 (473.86±153.12 mg CO₂ m^-2 hr^-1), respectively. Carbon stock for the month of August 2009 and January 2010, respectively was 297.70 t ha^-1 and 456.60 t ha^-1. T test showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences in many of the soil parameters such as the pH, water content and organic carbon. Correlation analysis showed that CO₂ is influenced by the organic matter, water content and temperature.

Keywords: Humic and fulvic acid, CO₂ emissions, carbon stock, peat soil, turmeric

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• Fenner, C., Freeman, C. & Reynolds, B. 2005. Observation of a seasonally shifting thermal optimum in peatland  carbon-cycling processes: implications for the global  carbon  cycle and  soil  enzyme methodologies. Soil  Biol. Biochem. 37: 1814–1821.
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Muhammad Danial Jamat, Jahimin Asik^a

^aFaculty Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: danialjamat1994@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.

Raw Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) fibre was initially washed and dried before undergoes chemical treatment. Upon dried, the kapok fibre was bleached and delignified at room temperature, in an acidic solution containing 6% of sulphuric acid and 4% hydrogen peroxide to remove hemicellulose and wax. The treated kapok was filtered and washed thoroughly with distilled water and vacuum dried at 60 ^oC for 10 hours. Finally, the treated kapok was converted to alpha-cellulose (α-cellulose) by alkali treatment. In this step, treated kapok was immersed in 17.5% of sodium hydroxide solution for 30 minutes at a temperature of 50 ^oC to remove alkali-soluble components. The obtained α-cellulose, termed as alkali-treated kapok fiber (AKTF) was filtered, washed thoroughly with distilled water until pH is neutral and vacuum dried at 60 ^oC for 10 hours. In this stage, a certain weight of ATKF (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were mixed with a hot solution of PVA and dried at room temperature. In the mechanical test, ATKF – PVA biocomposite shows an increase in tensile strength and elastic modulus up to 30% content of kapok fibre but drop at 40% kapok loading. The result shows that both ATKF – PVA biocomposite film (30%) were having the highest mechanical properties among the others and was chosen for next characterizations. It is evidence in FTIR spectra that the composites indicate the formation of new hydrogen interaction between kapok fibre and PVA which might help to improve the mechanical properties. As for XRD analysis, the ATKF – PVA biocomposite film (30%) blend was found to be a heterogeneous as the peaks of diffractogram were overlap each other. This is supported by SEM micrograph in which ATKF – PVA biocomposite (30%) show a heterogeneous phase. Additionally, in the TGA data, ATKF – PVA biocomposite (30%) was founded less thermally stable than raw kapok and pure PVA is the least thermally stable among other samples.

KEYWORDS. PVA; Kapok fiber; Biocomposite; Mechanical Properties

REFERENCES

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• Abdullah, M. A., Rahmah, A. U., Man, Z. (2010). Physicochemical and Sorption Characteristics of Malaysian Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. as a Natural Oil Sorbent. Journal Hazardous Materials, 177, 683–691.
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Ag Sufiyan Abd Hamid*¹² and Halim Razali²

¹Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

²Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: pian@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT.

Solar energy is known as renewable and clean source of energy. This tremendous amount of energy is widely used from small portable application to gigawatt size power plant generation. It has been utilized for various off grid or standalone applications including for vehicles. However, the progress of Solar Car (SC) was unsatisfied. Unlike Hydrogen Car (HC) and Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV), there is no commercialize SC marketed yet. Many strategies contributed to the successful of HC and PEV such as supportive policy, taxation, facilities and private involvement. The main component of SC can be simplified and consists of the structure, photovoltaic (PV) module, rechargeable battery pack, electric motor and power management unit. Main issue for SC is how to match between energy require and supply. Researchers are trying to find multiple solution from various aspects. Thirty SC prototypes were developed globally by numerous parties and most of them from academic bodies or universities. The purpose of the development is for solar car racing and to break commercialization boundary. As far as technology is concern, to achieve self-powered SC is quite challenging. The nearest potential solution can be learned from HC and PEV. All these potential solutions must be balance with the other side factor and come with a cost.

KEYWORDS. Solar car; Electric vehicle; Solar energy, Standalone photovoltaic.

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M. Anisuzzaman^a,b*, M. Rajin^b, D. Krishnaiah^b, E. Junny^b
aEnergy Research Unit (ERU),
^bChemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.

^*Corresponding author: anis_zaman@ums.edu.my; dr.anis.ums@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.

Generally, waxes and asphaltenes are classified as solid category which involved with deposition of high-molecular-weighted compounds along pipelines which leads to production issues. This study presents the effect of different mixture concentration consisting of copolymer and solvent on crude oil viscosity in order to find a solution for reduction of wax and asphalthene deposition along the surface of pipelines. There were two proportions used which are ethylene-vinyl acetate 25 (EVA 25), methylcyclohexane (MCH) and paraxylene as first proportion and EVA 40, MCH and paraxylene as second proportion. EVA is a polymer that comprises of linear chain of polyethylene fragment and vinyl acetate molecule which has the ability in controlling the size of formed wax crystals. Laboratory experiments were designed by response surface methodology (RSM) specifically using central composite design (CCD) to formulate ratio and analyzed optimum percentage composition of mixture to obtain a good model. The optimum parameters were 10.02% of EVA 25, 10.00% of MCH and 79.98% of paraxylene for first proportion and 10.00% of EVA 40, 45.78% of MCH and 44.22% of paraxylene for second proportion to minimize the viscosity of crude oil.

KEYWORDS: Crude Oil, Ethylene-vinyl acetate, Methylcyclohexane, Paraxylene, Wax, Response surface methodology (RSM)

REFERENCES

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• Anisuzzaman, S. M., Krishnaiah, D. & Madsah, M. 2019. Effect of various polymeric crystal modifiers and solvents formulations on the prevention of wax and asphaltene formation in crude oil pipelines. Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal, 3(2), 1-10.
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CONTENT
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AND BREEDING SYSTEM OF Orthosiphon aristatus (BLUME) MIQ
- Nur Karimah Binti Mohamad, Freddy Kuok San, Yeo*, Wi Soon See, Wei Hong Lay & Cheksum @ Supiah Binti Tawan

TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITYBY DIFFERENT DRYINGAND EXTRACTION METHODS OF Clinacanthus nutans LEAVES
- Mohd Hafiz Abdul Majid, Yvonne Melse Laurencea, Mohammad Shaheen Khan and Mohd Sani Sarjadi

THE AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES ASSEMBLAGES RESPONSES TO WATERSHED LAND USE IN TABIN WILDLIFE RESERVE (TWR), LAHAD DATU, SABAH, MALAYSIA
- Arman Hadi Fikri, Tan Wai Shu, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Kueh Boon Hee & Sahana Harun

TREE HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR ROADSIDE TREE IN KOTA KINABALU CITY CENTRE, SABAH
- Andy R. Mojiol

PERANTI PENGIRAAN RASTER DALAM MERAMALKAN POTENSI TANAH RUNTUH: KAJIAN KES JALAN TAMBUNAN-RANAU, SABAH, MALAYSIA
Raster Calculation Tools for Searching Potential Landslide: Case Study Tambunan-Ranau Road, Sabah, Malaysia
- Woon Zhan Wen dan Mustapa Abd. Talip

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Mohd Hafiz Abdul Majid, Yvonne Melse Laurence, Mohammad Shaheen Khan  and Mohd Sani Sarjadi 

a Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
b Knowledge and Technology Management Division, Sabah Economic Development & Investment Authority (SEDIA), 88873, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.

*Corresponding author: msani@ums.edu.my

ABSTRACT. This report presents a study on the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Clinacanthus nutans leaves from different drying and extraction methods. The C. nutans leaves were subjected through three different drying methods: oven (40°C, 60°C and 80°C), vacuum oven and air drying. Afterwards, extraction on the dried leaves was performed using three different extraction techniques: soxhlet, maceration and ultrasoundassisted solvent extraction. Finally, total flavonoid and antioxidantactivity was determined spectrophotometrically by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method respectively. The results showed that the choice of drying and extraction methods had a significant influence on total flavonoid and antioxidant content of C. nutans extract. The combination of drying C. nutans leaves using laboratory oven at 60°C and soxhlet extraction obtained the highest amount of total flavonoid and antioxidant content at 24.53 ± 0.95 mg RU/g and 89.73 ± 4.39mg TE/ g respectively. The highest antioxidant activity for C. nutansfromair-dried samples and vacuum oven-dried samples were obtained through maceration extraction at 85.46 mg TE/ g and 83.96 mg TE/ g respectively.

KEYWORDS. Clinacanthus nutans; Drying; Extraction method; Flavonoid; Antioxidant

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  3, 2-6. 
• Chelyn, J. L., Omar, M. H., Mohd Yousof, N. S. A., Ranggasamy, R., Wasiman, M. I. & Ismail, Z. 2014. Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 6.
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• Khoo, L. W., Mediani, A., Zolkeflee, N. K. Z., Leong, S. W., Ismail, I. S., Khatib, A., Shaari, K. & Abas, F. 2015. Phytochemical diversity of Clinacanthus nutans extracts and their bioactivity correlations elucidated by NMR based metabolomics. Phytochemistry Letters, 14, 123-133.
• Alam, A., Ferdosh, S., Ghafoor, K., Hakim, A., Juraimi, A. S., Khatib, A. & Sarker, Z. I. 2016. Clinacanthus nutans: a review of the medicinal uses, pharmacology and
  phytochemistry. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 9, 402-409.
• Anwar, F., Kalsoom, U., Sultana, B., Mushtaq, M., Mehmood, T. & Arshad, H.A. 2013. Effect of drying method and extraction solvent on the total phenolics and antioxidant activity
  of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) extracts. International Food Research Journal 20, 653-659. 
• Chan, E. W. C., Lye, P. Y., Eng, S. Y. & Tan, Y. P. 2013. Antioxidant properties of herbs with enhancement effects of drying treatments: A synopsis. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 3, 2-6.
• Chelyn, J. L., Omar, M. H., Mohd Yousof, N. S. A., Ranggasamy, R., Wasiman, M. I. & Ismail, Z. 2014. Analysis of Flavone C-Glycosides in the Leaves of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau by HPTLC and HPLC-UV/DAD. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 6.
• Huang, D., Guo, W., Gao, J., Chen, J. & Olatunji, J. O. 2015. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau ethanol extract inhibits hepatoma in mice through upregulation of the immune response. Molecules, 20, 17405-17428.
• Khoo, L. W., Mediani, A., Zolkeflee, N. K. Z., Leong, S. W., Ismail, I. S., Khatib, A., Shaari, K. & Abas, F. 2015. Phytochemical diversity of Clinacanthus nutans extracts and their bioactivity correlations elucidated by NMR based metabolomics. Phytochemistry Letters, 14, 123-133.
• Kumar, S. 2013. Efficient Method of Storage of Dry Herbs. Journal for Drugs and Medicines, 5, A1-A3. 
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Arman Hadi Fikri, Tan Wai Shu, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Kueh Boon Hee & Sahana Harun

Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ITBC) Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

ABSTRACT. A study on the aquatic invertebrate communities was conducted at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah, with the objectives to study (i) the diversity of aquatic invertebrates across different land use, (ii) the composition of aquatic invertebrates in different habitats and microhabitats in the stream, and (iii) the relationship between invertebrates and the water quality of the stream. Sampling was done at Sg. Lipad which flows across the secondary forest area and plantation area. Kick net method was used to sample the aquatic invertebrates for 14 continuous days in January to February 2015. A total of 3,579 individuals were sampled consisting of 76 families from eight orders, in both of the land uses. The diversity of aquatic invertebrates in the secondary forest was found to be slightly higher than plantation area with H’= 3.213 and H’= 3.188 respectively. The aquatic invertebrates were also found to be more abundant in riffle habitat, and the least in pool habitats. The diversity for pool habitat, however, was the highest among all other habitats with H’= 3.709. Both physico-chemical parameters and biotic indices indicated that the invertebrate communities were affected by the water quality in the surroundings, and may be used for rapid assessment of water quality at TWR.

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